Chapter 2-Biological Molecules

Question 1

position of OH in alpha glucose

Answer 1

below

Question 2

position of OH in beta glucose

Answer 2

above

Question 3

glucose+glucose

Answer 3

maltose

Question 4

glucose + fructose

Answer 4

sucrose

Question 5

glucose+galactose

Answer 5

lactose

Question 6

types of monosaccharides

Answer 6

1. 3C (triose)
2. 5C (pentose)
3. 6C (hexose)

Question 7

functions of monosaccharides

Answer 7

1. source of energy in respiration

2. building blocks for larger molecules

Question 8

process by which two sugars join together

Answer 8

condensation

Question 9

describe hydrolysis

Answer 9

breaking down of a large molecules by the addition of water.

Question 10

describe condensation

Answer 10

the joining together of two sugar molecules with water as a sudd product

Question 11

describe the test for non-reducing sugars

Answer 11

1. heat sugar with hydrochloric acid.
2. add sodium hydroxide
3. add benedict’s reagent and heat solution

red color indicates non-reducing sugar is present

Question 12

monomers of polysaccharides

Answer 12

monosaccharides

Question 13

what is the storage polysaccharide in plants and animals?

Answer 13

plants: starch
animals: glycogen

Question 14

starch is mixture of what two substances?

Answer 14

1. amylose

2. amylopectin

Question 15

what type of glucose is amylose made up of and what are the links?

Answer 15

1. a-glucose

2. 1,4 linked

Question 16

what type of glucose are amylopectin and glycogen made up of and what are the links?

Answer 16

1. a-glucose

2. 1,4 and 1,6

Question 17

describe structure of cellulose

Answer 17

1. 1,4 glycosidic bonds
2. β-glucose
3. rotated 180

Question 18

difference between structure of fructose and sucrose

Answer 18

fructose has no glycosidic bonds and is a one sugar unit.

sucrose has glycosidic bonds and is made up of disaccharide (2 sugar units)

Question 19

what is a covalent bond?

Answer 19

when two atoms share electrons to become more stable, that is called a covalent bond

Question 20

what are the monomers of proteins?

Answer 20

amino acids

Question 21

the bond by which 2 amino acids join together

Answer 21

peptide bond

Question 22

what are the four bonds in amino acids?

Answer 22

NH2, COOH, H and R group.

for every amino acid, the R group is the only group that is different

Question 23

name some functions of proteins

Answer 23

1. all enzymes are proteins
2. some hormones are proteins
3. antibodies are made of proteins

Question 24

describe primary structure

Answer 24

it is the sequence of amino acids

Question 25

describe secondary structures

Answer 25

when the protein becomes alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

Question 26

describe tertiary structure

Answer 26

``` the compact structure of protein molecules resulting in the coiling of the already folded shape. the bonds that help with this are: 1. hydrogen bonds 2. ionic bonds 3. disulfide bonds 4. weak hydrophobic interactions ```

Question 27

describe quaternary structure

Answer 27

the structure that is made up of 2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 28

what are the two types of proteins?

Answer 28

1. globular proteins | 2. fibrous proteins

Question 29

what is hydrophobic?

Answer 29

water hating

Question 30

what is hydrophilic?

Answer 30

water loving

Question 31

describe globular proteins

Answer 31

1. shape: ball-shaped 2. soluble in water because of the way they curl up example: haemoglobin

Question 32

describe fibrous proteins

Answer 32

1. shape: long strands 2. insoluble in water example: keratin

Question 33

describe haemoglobin

Answer 33

1. made up of 4 polypeptide chains (quaternary structure). 2. each chain is itself a protein known as globin. 3. contains 4 chains. 2 α-chains(made out of α-globin) and 2 β-chains (made out of β-globin). 4. each chain contains a haem group therefore 4 haem groups n every haemoglobin molecule (haem group is a prosthetic group). 5. spherical shape because it is a globular protein. 6. ionic bonds hold chains together

Question 34

describe collagen

Answer 34

1. 3 polypeptide chains 2. each chain is in the shape of an alpha helix (it is NOT an alpha helix) 3. 3 helical polypeptides are wound around each other forming a triple helix (held together by hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds) 4. almost every third amino acid is glycine

Question 35

how do the globular proteins curl up?

Answer 35

amino acids with hydrophilic R groups point out and amino acids with hydrophobic R groups point inwards.

Question 36

2 main lipids

Answer 36

1. triglycerides | 2. phospholipids

Question 37

what is the meaning of a saturated molecule?

Answer 37

it means that the molecule contains only single bonds

Question 38

what is the meaning of a unsaturated molecule?

Answer 38

the molecule that has double bonds is unsaturated.

Question 39

describe the structure of triglycerides

Answer 39

contains: 1 molecule of glycerol 3 molecules of fatty acids

Question 40

describe the structure of phospholipids

Answer 40

contains 1 phosphate group 1 glycerol molecule 2 fatty acids

Question 41

what does fatty acid contain?

Answer 41

1. an acid head (COOH) | 2. hydrocarbon tail

Question 42

functions of lipids

Answer 42

1. rich sources of energy | 2. stores energy

Question 43

what is adipose tissue?

Answer 43

this is a type of tissue found in humans and animals which help to keep warm during cold times.

Question 46

function of adipose tissue

Answer 46

1. store fat | 2. insulate the body (prevent heat loss)

Question 47

what is hydrophobic and hydrophilic in a phospholipid?

Answer 47

hydrophobic: tails hydrophilic: head

Question 48

are triglycerides hydrophilic or hydrophobic ?

Answer 48

hydrophobic

Question 49

what are the properties of water that make life possible?

Answer 49

1. dissolves ions and polar (hydrophilic) molecules. 2. it is used as a transport medium. 3. it has a high specific heat capacity. 4. it has a high latent heat of vaporization. 5. it has high surface tension and cohesion. 6. it acts as a reagent (helps by being a reactant in chemical reactions in the body)