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Biochemistry > Chapter 2: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

1.Monosaccharides undergo dehydration when treated with?
2.How many water molecules are released?
3. Dehydration products pf hexoses and pentoses?

A
  1. Conc. Sulphuric acid
  2. 3 water molecules
  3. Hexoses:
    - hydroxymethyl furfural
    Pentoses:
    - furfural
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2
Q

1.Furfurals can condense with ______ compounds to form coloured products.
2. It is the chemical basis of which test?

A
  1. Phenolic compounds
  2. Molisch’s test
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3
Q

Which test is used for detection of xylose in urine in essential pentosuria?

A

Bial’s test

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4
Q

What happens in Bial’s test?

A

Pentoses react with strong HCl to form furfural derivatives which in turn react with orcinol to form green coloured complex

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5
Q

What is mucic acid test?

A

Galactose when react with nitric acid and forms insoluble mucic acid crystals

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6
Q

What are osazone?

A

Osazones are crystalline compounds formed by the reaction of reducing sugars with phenylhydrazine.
(When boiled)

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7
Q

Which 2 carbons are involved in osazone formation?

A

C1 and C2

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8
Q

List the osazones of glucose, fructose, mannose, maltose and lactose?

A

Glucose, Fructose, and Mannose = needle-shaped osazone (same)

Maltose = Sunflower-shaped
Lactose = powder-puff shaped

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9
Q

Esterfication of carbohydrates occurs with which acid? Give an example of esters?

A
  1. Phosphoric acid
  2. Examples;
    Glucose-6-phosphate
    Glucose-1-phosphate
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10
Q

1.What are glycosides?
2.What bond is present?
3. What is aglycone?

A

Glycoside are formed when hemiacetal/ketal Hyrdoxyl group (-OH) (alcohol + aldehyde/ketone)
of a carbohydrate react with (-OH) group of another carbohydrate or non-carbohydrate.

  1. The bond so formed is known as glycosidic bond
  2. And the non-carbohydrate (when present) is called aglycone
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11
Q

Name the glycosidic bonds in
maltose
Glycogen
Starch (amylase, amylopectin)
sucrose
Inulin
lactose
Cellulose
Chitin

A

1.maltose = a-1,4
2.Glycogen = a-1,4 , a-1,6
3.Starch =
(amylase: a-1,4 ,
amylopectin: a-1,4 , a-1,6)

4.sucrose = a-1, B-2

5.Inulin = B-2,1
6.lactose = B-1,4
7.Cellulose = B-1,4
8.Chitin = B-1,4

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12
Q

Which glycoside is used in treatment of tuberculosis?

A

Streptomycin
- an antibiotic

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13
Q

What are cardiac glycosides?

A

These are the steroid glycosides

Digoxin and Digitoxin
- contain aglycone steroid
- stimulate muscle contraction

Oubain
- inhibits Na-K ATPase and blocks the transport of Na+

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14
Q

Which glycoside imparts vanilla flavour?

A

Glucovanillin
(Vanillin-D-glucoside)

  • natural substance
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15
Q

Which glycoside produces renal damage in experimental animals?

A

Phlorhizin

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16
Q

Gluconic acid and Glucoronic acid is produced from glucose by oxidation of?

A

Gluconic acid
Oxidation of aldehyde (C1 group)

Glucoronic acid
Oxidation of primary alcohol group (C6)

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17
Q

Reduction of aldehyde or ketone of glucose produces _______?
And of mannose produces _____?

A
  1. Sorbitol
  2. Mannitol
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18
Q

_______ &__________ when accumulate in tissues causes strong osmotic effect leading to swelling of cells, and certain pathological effect e.g Cataract, peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy.

A

Sorbitiol (reduction of glucose)
Dulcitol (reduction of galactose)

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19
Q

__________ is used to reduce intracranial tension by forced diuresis (increased urine output?

A

Mannitol (reduction of mannose)

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20
Q

______ is a sweetner used in sugarless gums and candies?

A

Xylitol
An alditol (polyhydroxy alcohols formed by reduction of monosaccharides)

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21
Q

_______ alditol is a constituent of flavin coenzyme?
_______&_______ alditols are components of lipids?

A

1.Ribitol
2. Glycerol & myo-inositol

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22
Q

What are amino sugars?
Where are they present

A

(-OH ) of monosaccharides replaced by amino group
E.g
D-glucosamine
D-galactosamine

Present as constituents of heteropolysaccharides

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23
Q

What is NANA?
And what is Sialic Acid?

A

N-AcetylNeuraminicAcid or NANA is a derivative of :
N-acetylmannose &
Pyruvic acid
-Constituent of glycoprotein and glycolipids

2.Term Sialic acid is used to include NANA and its other derivatives

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24
Q

An antibiotic containing aminosugars?

A

Erythromycin

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25
The vitamin having structure closely resembling to that of a monosaccharide?
**L-Ascorbic Acid** or Vitamin **C**
26
Which staining can specifically detect deoxyribose and thus DNA in tissues?
**Feulgen staining**
27
_______ is a deoxy L-galactose found in **blood group antigens** and certain glycoproteins?
**Fucose**
28
Examples of reducing and non- reducing disaccharides?
**reducing** maltose, lactose **Non-reducing** Sucrose Trehalose (found in bacteria, fungi, yeast, insects, plants)
29
Which glycosidic bond is present in iso-maltose?
**a-1,6** ( normal maltose: a-1,4)
30
What is cellubiose? Structural similarity? Glycosidic linkage?
Cellubiose is a **disaccharide** formed during hydrolysis of cellulose Structurally similar to **maltose** Glycosidic linkage: **B-1,4**
31
Which sugar is cane sugar or sugar of commerce?
Sucrose
32
Sucrose is made up of?
Glucose (a-1) + fructose (B-2)
33
Which disaccharide can't form osazone?
Sucrose (No free aldehyde or ketone (reducing) group)
34
What is inversion? And which sugar is known as invert sugar?
Change in optical rotation from **dextro(+)--- to ---levo(-)**rotatory is known as inversion **Sucrose**--- Invert sugar *Hydrolysed* mixture of sucrose containing glucose and fructose is called invert sugar First sucrose --- dextro(+) **(+66.5)** But when hydrolysed --- levo(-) **(-28.2)**
35
1.Most used artificial sweetener? 2.Name other common sugar substitutes?
1.**Sucralose** (trichlorosucrose) About **500** times sweeter than sucrose 2. Saccharin Cyclamate Aspartame Acesulfame-Potassium
36
What is lactulose? It is used for the treatment of which disorder? And how?
A synthetic disaccharide Containing **galactose + Fructose** -for the treatment of **Hepatic encephalopathy** (liver doesn't work properly & it effects the brain) Characterized by **high plasma ammonium** level - lactulose converts (NH3+) to ammoniun ion (NH4+) --------- **reduction in plasma NH3**. Since NH4+ ions are not easily absorbed
37
Types of polysaccarides?
2: 1. **Homopolysaccharides** (On hydrolysis---*single type* of monosaccharide: **Glucans** ---polymer of glucose **Fructosans**---polymers of fructose 2. **Heteropolysaccharide** (On hydrolysis--- *mixture*)
38
Starch exists in which 2 forms?
**Amylose** (15-20%) -Unbranched -water-soluble -200---1000 glucose units **Amylopectin** (80-85%) -Branched -Water-insoluble - 20-30 glucose units per branch
39
Amylase acts specifically on _______bonds?
a-1,4 glycosidic
40
What are dextrins?
Breakdown products of **starch** In sequence starch breaks down into: Starch-----different dextrins---- finally to maltose and glucose
41
Iodine colouration of Soluble starch Amylodextrin Erythrodextrin Achrodextrin
Soluble starch: blue Amylodextrin: violet Erythrodextrin: red Achrodextrin: no colour
42
What are dextrans? Uses?
Polymers of **glucose** produced by **microorganisms** Used as: 1.Plasma volume expanders in transfusion 2. **Chromatography** (e.g gel filtration)
43
Kidney function can be assessed through? Which polysaccharide is used for it?
1.**Measurement of glomerular Filtration rate** by **inulin Clearance Test 2. Inulin
44
A polymer of fructose that occurs in dahlia bulb, onions, garlic?
Inulin
45
Glycogen is an animal starch with highest concentration in? Is it present in plants?
In **liver** followed by muscle, brain etc In plants that **donot possess chlorophyll** (e.g yeast, fungi)
46
What is glycogenin? Where is it present in glycogen molecule?
Glycogenin is a **protein** that plays a crucial role in the **synthesis of glycogen**. It acts as a **primer for glycogen synthesis** by initiating the formation of the glycogen molecule and serving as the *starting point for the attachment of glucose units*. -at the centre of glycogen molecule
47
Structure of glycogen is similar to?
Amylopectin , **( a-1,4 and a-1,6)** But with more number of branches
48
__________ of sucrose (of chocalate and candies) resulting in ________, causes dental carries (destruction of teeth)?
1.Fermentation 2. Organic acids
49
Importance of non-digestible carbohydrates such as cellulose and dietry fibres?
Decrease intestinal absorption of glucose and cholesterol Increase bulk of faeses to avoid constipation
50
Chitin is composed of which units?
N-acetyl glucose amine
51
Mucopolysaccharides are _______ made of repeating units of sigar derivatives, namely ________ & ______?
1. Heteroglycans or heteropolysacchaides 2. **Amino sugars** & **uronic acids**
52
What are uronic acids?
Uronic acids are a type of sugar acid that contain a: **carboxylic acid group** and a **carbonyl group**. They are commonly found in the form of sugar derivatives, such as **glucuronic acid** and **iduronic acid**.
53
Mucopolysaccharides are more commonly known as?
**Glucosaminoglycans (GAGs)**
54
What is present in GAG structure? Why are they called acid mucopolysaccharides?
1. Acetylated amino acids 2. Sulfate 3. Carboxyl groups Presence of **Sulfate** & **Carboxyl groups** make them acidic
55
What are mucoids?
Mucopolysaccharides + proteins = mucoproteins or mucoids or proteoglycans **95%** ---- carbohydrate **5%** ------ protein
56
In tissue structure, mucopolysaccharides are present in?
Ground substance of extracellular matrix
57
Name important mucopolysaccharides?
1. Hyaluronic acid 2. Chondroitin-4-sulfate 3. Heparin 4. Dermatan sulfate 5. Keratan sulfate
58
Hyaluronic acid is present in?
Ground substance of: 1.**Synovial fluid** of joints (Lubricant and shock absorber in joint) + wound healing 2.**Vitreous humor** of eyes 3.**Gel** around ovum 4.**connective tissue**
59
1.Hyaluronic acid is composed of which units? 2.Which bond is present between the disaccharides formed by these units? 3. Molecular weight of hyaluronic acid?
1. **D-glucoronic acid** + **N-acetyl-D-glucosamine** 2. **B(1-----3)** glycosidic bond 3. Upto 4 million
60
Which enzyme breaks B(1--4) linkages in hyaluronic acid? 2. Where is this enzyme mostly present? 3. Its importance?
**Hyaluronidase** enzyme breaks the β(1---4) glycosidic linkages in hyaluronic acid and other GAG 2. High conc in; Testes Seminal fluid Snake Insect venom 3. **In semen** Imp for fertilization - clears the gel (hyaluronic acid) around ovum---- allows penetration **In bacteria** Invasion into animal tissue
61
1.Chondroitin sulfate is composed of which disaccharide units? 2. It is structurally comparable with? 3. It is present in?
1. **D-glucuronic acid** & **N-acetyl-D-galactosamine -4- sulfate** 2. Hyaluronic acid 3. Various mammalian tissues; Bone Cartilage Skin Heart Valves Cornea Blood vessel walls
62
The only difference between chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid is the presence of (amino sugar). Which is?
**Hyaluronic acid** N-acetyl D-**glucos**amine **Chondroitin Sulfate** N-acetyl D-**galactos**amine -4-sulfate
63
The only non-sulfated GAG is?
hyaluronic acid.
64
1.Heparin is composed of which alternating units? 2.occurance? 3. Importance? Which Enzyme it releases?
1. **N-sulfo D-glucosamine 6-sulfate** & **Glucoronate-2-sulfate** 2. In Blood, Lung Liver Kidney Spleen 3. **Anticoagulant** Release of enzyme *lipoprotein lipase* ------ clears turbidity of lipemic plasma Used in intramuscular coagulaton
65
1.Dermatan sulfate is structurally related to? 2.What is the difference in structure? 3. Occurence?
1. **Chondroitin-4-sulfate** (N-acetyl D-galactosamine + D-glucoronic acid) 2. Only difference: **Inversion** in configuration Of **C5** of **D-glucoronic acid** to form **L-iduronic acid** 3. Skin Blood vessel valves Heart valves
66
Keratan sulfate is composed of? 2. It is found in?
1. **D-galactosamine** & **N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate** 2. Cornea Cartilage Connective tissue
67
Variable sulfate content and small amounts of mannose, fructose and sialic acid is present in which heterogenous GAG?
Keratan sulfate
68
Agar and pectin both being non-digestible serve as?
Dietry fibres
69
1.Agar is a polymer of? 2.Mostly found in?
1. Galactose Sulfate Glucose 2. Sea weeds
70
What is agarose? Use?
Polysaccharide derived from agar. Composed of **galactose & anhydrogalactose** Used in; Microbial culture media **Electrophoresis**
71
What is electrophoresis?
Electrophoresis is a technique used to **separate** molecules, such as **DNA or proteins**, based on their **size and charge**. It involves applying an **electric field** to a **gel matrix, like agarose**, causing the molecules to migrate and separate.
72
1.Pectins are composed of? 2. Found in? 3. Use?
1. **Galactouronate** & **rhamnose** 2. Found in apples and citrus fruit 3. Preparation of **jellies**
73
How glycoproteins (mucoproteins) are responsible for spread of cancer?
**Alteration in the structure of glycoproteins** of tumor cell membrane ---- responsible for metastasis
74
The term mucoproteins is used for glycoproteins with carbohydrate conc. more than?
More than **4%**
75
Glycophorins and lectins are category of ?
Glycoprotein
76
What is glycophorin? How much are they glycosylated and why?
1.Membrane protein of **RBC** 2. 60% forming a **hydrophilic charged coat** enabling RBC to circulate without adhering
77
Fish that live below -2° (T at which blood would freeze) contain _______ glycoproteins that lower the freezing point of water?
Antifreeze glycoproteins
78
Subgroup of lectins that is involved in cell-cell recognition & adhesion & movemnt of T-lymphocytes to site of inflammation?
Selectin
79
Name the carbohydrates found in blood group antigens or blood group substances?
N-acetylgalactosamine Galactose Fucose Sialic acid
80
________ are the spherical shaped bodies of water, delivery system for bioactive molecules. Where are the carbohydrates present in them?
1. **Aquasomes** 2. Central **non-crystalline core** coated with carbohydrate (polyhydroxy oligomers)
81
Thyrotropin and erythropoeitin function as?
Hormones
82
Function of fibronectin and laminin?
Cell-cell recognition and adhesion
83
Function of intrinsic factor?
Absorption of vitamin B12
84
Carbohydrates are the most abundant dietry source of enery __________ for all living organisms?
**4 cal/g**

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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