_Functional Groups:_ Name chemical formula and chemical property 1. Hydroxyl 2. Sulfyhydryl 3. Phosphate 4. Carboxyl 5. Amino

1. _Hydroxyl:_ OH, polar 2. _Sulfyhydryl:_ SH, polar 3. _Phosphate:_ HPO4-, polar 4. _Carboxyl:_ COOH, acid 5. _Amino:_ NH2, base

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards by Deanice Cruz

organic, carbon containing molecules in living things

biomolecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 types of biomolecules

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functional Groups: Name chemical formula and chemical property

Hydroxyl
Sulfyhydryl
Phosphate
Carboxyl
Amino

Hydroxyl: OH, polar
Sulfyhydryl: SH, polar
Phosphate: HPO₄^-, polar
Carboxyl: COOH, acid
Amino: NH₂, base

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name & describe the 3 types of chemical bonds

Covalent- share electrons
1. Can either be polar (water, hydrophilic,glucose)
2. OR Nonpolar (insoluble in water, hydrophobic, lipids)
Ionic- 1/+ atoms completely transfer
1. Loss of electron = cation
2. Gain of electron = anion
H-bonds
1. Bonding w/ electro- atom gains slight positive charge to make weak polar attraction
2. Responsible for surface tension and capillary action

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes carbs polar?

Name:

3 monosaccharides

2 disaccharides

1 polysaccharide

hydroxyl groups

MONO: glucose, fructose, galactose

DI: sucrose, lactose

POLY: glycogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Biomolecule primarily composed of H & C atoms, name 4 classes

lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chains of carbon atoms that can be used as fuel

name & describe the 2 types

fatty acids

saturated = single, covalent bonds/solid at room temp

unsaturated = double covalent bonds, liquid at room temp

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phospholipids are _______ molecules; meaning they have a __________ head, _______ backbone & __________ tail w/ __ FAs

phospholipids are amphipathic molecules; meaning they have a hydrophilic head, glycerol backbone & hydrophobic tail w/ 2 FAs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prostaglandins, thromboxanes & leukotrienes are examples of

Eicosanoids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

estrogen, testosterone & aldosterone are examples of

steroids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

large molecules of AA subunits (20 available to construct it) that are responsible for structure, enzymes, antibodies, receptors for certain molecules, carriers for transport and energy source

proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 3 things do each AA group contain?

Which of the 3 is responsible for its identity?

Amine (NH₂), Carboxylic Acid group (COOH), different functional group

Functional group!

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bond bw 2 adjacent AA, formed by?

peptide bond

dehydration synthesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when does a polypeptide chain become a protein?

> 50-100 AA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 4 structures of proteins & the bonds that hold each

Primary structure, Peptide bonds
Secondary structure = Alpha helix and Beta sheets, H-Bonds
Tertiary structure, Alpha helix and Beta sheets combo, Hbonds
Quarternary structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name each protein

Combo of each is called?

fibrous

globular

Mixed protein = myosin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What consists of phosphate group(s), 5C Carb (deoxyribose and ribose), base-containig Carbon-Nitrogen ring (purines and pyrimidines)

nucleotides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do these 3 describe?

ADP/ATP

(adenosine = adenine + ribose)

NAD = Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide

FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide

3 energy transferring nucleotides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 messenger molecules?

cAMP & cGMP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

polymers of nucleotides?

Function of: DNA & RNA?

nucleic acids

DNA stores genetic code

RNA is needed to express genetic code

nucleic acids are bonded by? How do they bond?

Purines?

Pyrimidines?

Complementary base pairing:

G+C

A+T/U

Purines = Adenine + Guanine

Pyrimidines = Cytosine + Thymine/Uracil

RNA structure:

contains _______
___ takes place of ___
_____-stranded

Name 4 types

RNA structure:

contains ribose
Uracil takes place of Thymine
single-stranded

Name 4 types: mRNA, precursor mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Cell Plasma Membrane Model? Which controls ______ of materials and cell _______?

Homeostasis requires?

Plasma membrane separates _______ (cytosol) & ________ (interstitium) environments

Membrane composed predominately of ______ layer of phospholipids

Cell Plasma Membrane Model = Fluid Mosaic Model Which controls passage of materials and cell signaling

Homeostasis requires compartmentalization

Plasma membrane separates intracellular (cytosol) & extracellular (interstitium) environments

Membrane composed predominately of double layer of phospholipids

aqueous contents of the cell that serves as medium for chemical reactions that contain ions, enzymes, nutrients, & organelles

cytoplasm

Cytoplasm contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: collection of protein microfilaments & microtubules that provide structure & support to the cell, aid in intracellular transport & cellular movement

cytoskeleton

Name 5 membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm

Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria

Membrane bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes, degrade debris, cause apoptosis

Lysosomes

Membrane bound organelle that contain oxidative enzymes present in all cells but are very large and acive in the liver?

Peroxisomes

Membrane bound organelle that synthesizes biomolecules? Name 2 types and their function

Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth = synthesizes lipids and stores enzymes Rough = synthesizes proteins (ribosomes)

Membrane bound organelle that processes molecules made in the ER to prepare them for transport?

Golgi Apparatus

Membrane bound organelle that is the major sites for energy production within the cell that converts food energy to ATP Outer membrane contains _____ contour Inner membrane contains infoldings called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ "\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ of the cell" Fluid part?

Mitochondria Outer membrane contains **smooth** contour Inner membrane contains infoldings called **cristae** "**Power** **House** of the cell" Fluid part = **Matrix**

\_\_\_\_\_ ______ is surrounded by nuclear membrane which supports & controls the passages of materials

**Cell** **nucleus** is surrounded by nuclear membrane which supports & controls the passages of materials

Nucleus contains \_\_\_\_\_; threadlike material makes up the chromosomes

Nucleus contains **chromatin**; threadlike material makes up the chromosomes

2 things Chromatin is composed of?

Histone proteins and DNA molecules

3 Cell to cell adhesions & describe

Tight Junctions: nearby cells Desmosomes: gaps Gap junctions: travel thru channel

_Steps for DNA protein synthesis_ ## Footnote \_\_\_ (gene) 1.\_\_\_\_\_ --\> ___ (mRNA) 2.\_\_\_\_\_ (tRNA) ---\> \_\_\_\_\_

_Steps for DNA protein synthesis_ ## Footnote **DNA** (gene) 1.**Transcription** --\> **RNA** (mRNA) 2.**Translation** (tRNA) ---\> **protein**

In genetic transcription, what causes separation of the 2 strands along the region of DNA that constitues a gene?

RNA polymerase

In genetic transcription, 1 of 2 separated DNA strands serves as a _____ for RNA production Each _____ contains 100s of nucleotides for comp base pairing triplet = ?

In genetic transcription, 1 of 2 separated DNA strands serves as a **template** for RNA production Each **mRNA** contains 100s of nucleotides for comp base pairing triplet = **codon**

STUDY!!!

_Transcription Cont._ When transcription is finished, ____ is formed and DNA joins together. After transcription, ____ (\_\_\_) is removed bc is not used for coding of proteins \_\_\_\_\_ moves out of the nucleus

_Transcription Cont._ When transcription is finished, **mRNA** is formed and DNA joins together. After transcription, **mRNA** (**introns**) is removed bc is not used for coding of proteins **mRNA** moves out of the nucleus

_Translation:_ \_\_\_\_ leaves nucleus and attaches to either free ribosome/ribosome on ER \_\_\_\_\_ matches specific AA to a codon \_\_\_\_\_ moves thru ribosome and sequence of codons is translated to specific AA to form ________ \_\_\_\_

_Translation:_ **mRNA** leaves nucleus and attaches to either free ribosome/ribosome on ER **tRNA** matches specific AA to a codon **mRNA** moves thru ribosome and sequence of codons is translated to specific AA to form **polypeptide chain**

\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ processing is removal of introns and addition of RNA CAP and poly A tail

**Post-translational** processing is removal of introns and addition of RNA CAP and poly A tail

Translation of leader sequence and destination of polypeptide is translated in the \_\_\_\_\_\_

Translation of leader sequence and destination of polypeptide is translated in the **cytosol**

Proteins produced for export are produced by ____ translation in the \_\_\_ Secretory proteins are then transported to the ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ which serves as: Further modification of AA, separates proteins according to function & destination, packages proteins in vesicles + ships off

Proteins produced for export are produced by **mRNA** translation in the **ER** Secretory proteins are then transported to the **Golgi Apparatus** which serves as: Further modification of AA, separates proteins according to function & destination, packages proteins in vesicles + ships off

Protein Degradation that breaks sulfide bonds & AA to make proteins

lysosomes

Protein Degradation that are calcium activated proteases that recycle & rebuilds large skeletal muscle

calpains

Protein Degradation that takes large broken down skeletal muscle from calpases & further breakdown

Ubiquitin proteasome

Protein Degradation that takes damage from mitochondria and recycles proteins

caspases