chapter 2 (chem) Flashcards
1
Q
atom
A
basic unit of matter, smallest thing that is considered matter.
2
Q
whats inside atoms?
A
subotomic particles.
3
Q
subotomic particles (inside atom)
A
3
- protons (+)
- nuetrons (0)
- electrons (-)
4
Q
protons:
- where?
- mass/weigh?
- charge?
A
- center of atom, nucleose
- yes. (have mass)
- positive. (+)
5
Q
nuetrons:
- where?
- mass/weigh?
- charge?
A
- center of atom, nucleose
- yes. (have mass)
- nutral (0)
6
Q
electrons:
- where?
- weigh/mass?
- charge?
A
- ring outside of atom
- no. negligable, so small compared.
- negitive. (-)
7
Q
nucleous
A
center of atom
8
Q
element
A
pure substances, 1 atoms.
one or more of the SAME kind of atom.
9
Q
atomic #
A
of protons in element.
2-protons, atomic #2
10
Q
mass #
A
of protons and nuetrons
11
Q
how do you get number of nuetrons?
A
take mass and subtract atomic
12
Q
atoms are _____
A
nuetral
13
Q
how are atoms neutral?
A
because the number of protons and electrons are the same, so they sort of even them selves out
14
Q
compound
A
specific ration of 2+ different elements
15
Q
Isotopes
A
- atoms with same # of protons, different # of neutrons
* same atomic # and different mass #
16
Q
why do elements make compounds?
A
they are transferring electrons
17
Q
Ionic bond
A
elements transferring electrons
18
Q
how do atoms become charged?
A
they do Ionic bond = charged atoms
(-) (+)
19
Q
protons ____ _______
A
protons NEVER CHANGE
20
Q
atoms lose electrons =
A
= positive charge
21
Q
atoms gain electrons =
A
= negitive charge
22
Q
covalent bond
A
atoms SHARE electrons
23
Q
intra mulleculer
A
happening inside molecule
ex: ionic & covalent bond
24
Q
water
A
2H (hydrogen) 1O (oxygen)
25
electrons are attracted to _____
protons
26
covalent bond in water called _______
Polar bond
(unequal sharing, since electrons are attracted to protons. oxygen has more protons then hydrogen. so electrons are gathered there mostly so oxygen is SORT OF negative while hydrogen is SORT OF positive)
27
inter molecular (forces):
bonds between molicules (not atoms)
** weaker then intra-molecular bond
28
another name for inter-molecular bonds
Van Der Waals forces
29
inter-molecular bond in water is called?
hydrogen bonds
30
cohesion (in water)
water forms a bubble like shape.
[molicules of same substance attracted to each other]
because electrons are trying to attach to protons and are bubbling forming a bubble...
31
adhesion (in water)
[molicules of different substance attracted to each other]
ex: a tree and water ... water is attracted to the molecules of stem, water goes up to water leaves
32
graduated cylinder:
instrument of how to measure volume of liquid.
shows cohesion and adhesion
33
maniscus (on cylinder)
curv.
bottom of curve shows cohesion: water molecules attracted to each other
topmof curve shows adhesion: water and glass molecules attracted to each other
34
mixture
material made up of 2 substance physically mixed. NOT chemically mixed
35
solution (mixture)
1 compound (material) dissolves into another but can undesolve
ex:salt water
**mixed EVENLY**
36
solute:
| in solution mixture
compound being dissolved
| salt
37
solvent:
| in compound mixture
the one left.
the one the other material disolved into
(water)
38
supension (mixture)
substance 'floating' in another substance
ex: water and sand
**mixed together not dissolved. UNEVENLY mixed**
(ex2:water with non dissolvable material)
39
blood (in mixture)
solution: nuetrition DISSOLVED in blood
suspetion: RBC 'float' in blood
40
H2O (split up)
H2O= H+ plus OH- (ion-charged atoms)
H+; hydrogen ion
OH-; hydroxide ion
41
pH
measures how much of H+/OH- in a solution
ex: pure water------> pH # 7 (Nuetral)
42
pH scale
(less OH- , more H+) (more OH-, less H+)
(Acid) (Base)
| | |
1 7 14
**water, neutral(middle)**
43
acid
more H+
44
base
more OH-
45
how can you tell between 2 bases which one is stronger?
the one more to the right (higher #)
46
how can you tell between 2 acids which one is stronger?
the one more to the left (lower #)
47
```
homio-stasis pH # in our body
|
|
(maintaining a stable
entornal environment)
```
#: 6 1/2 - 7 1/2
48
buffer:
solution of H+ or OH-
maintains stable pH in body
49
organic chemistry:
study of carbon
50
organic compounds:
| 4
1) carbohydrates
2) lipids
3) nucleicacids
4) proteins
51
polimerization:
taking a small things (units) and joining them together and making them a big thing
make up organic compounds
52
monomer:
small unit
| makes up polomer
53
polomer:
big unit
| made up of monomers
54
biggest polomer:
macromolecule
55
carbohydrates.
made up of: ration:
Carbon 1
hydrogen 2
oxygen 1
use: source of energy (and structure)
56
monomer in Carbonhydrates
mono-sacchoride
| ex: glucose
57
polomer in Carbonhydrates
poly-saccgoride
ex: starch
plants- cellulose (makes stiff- found in wood)
animals- glycon (energy- stored sugar)
58
testing pH
litmus paper
turns: means:
red acid
blue base
nuetral red, blue
59
testing pH
pH paper
tells exact pH number
60
why do we need stored sugar?
were not always eating. so on a fast day the stored sugar helps us use energy with the stored sugar.
61
Lipid.
aka: fats
62
monomer in (L)
two:
(3)
glycorel- (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon)
(double bonded)
fatty acid- (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon
63
polomer in (L)
1 glycorel and 3 fatty acids.
the fatty acids define what kind of fat it is.
64
saturated fat:
when carbons have as many hydrogens as possible.
** carbons attaches to 4 atoms, so 2 of them are hydrogen and the other 2 are carbon...)
65
unsaturated fat
when carbons are NOT full of hydrogens.
| because carbons are double bonded with a carbon
66
fats store _________
erengy
67
fats also are in ____ ___________
cell membrains
68
nucleic acids. (NA)
stores and transmits hereditary information (genetics)
69
monomer in (NA)
Nucletides; nitrogenous base, phosphoros groups, 5 carbon sugar (form shape)
70
polomer in (NA)
made up of nucleotides:
two kinds- DNA (depnends on
RNA what sugar)
71
Proteins.
made up of ameeno acids. (at least 20)
so many combinations of ameeno acids, that you have so many kinds of proteins
72
monomer in Proteins
ameeno acids
73
polomer in Proteins
poly-peptide: many ameeno acids
74
protein is used for:
controls rate of infection
make bones and muscles
fight disease
transports sunstance to and from the cell
75
chemical reaction
the process that changes a set of chemicals into a different set of chemicals
ex: A+B=AB
76
proteins are in charge of the rate of the _____________
reaction
77
some reactions are ________ and some are ______
fast.
slow.
78
A + B = AB
| |
left side: right side:
________ _______
A + B = AB
| |
reactince product
79
chain of chem. reaction
bonds holding atoms together -- broken when in reaction -- seperate atoms -- make new bonds= product
80
breaking bonds:
forming bonds:
: reactince
: product
81
when reactions happen the either ___(1)_____ or ___(2)____
(1) absorb energy; plants-photosynthesis
animals-indirect from sun (eat plants)
(2) release energy; (ex: burned wood, releases smoke)
* * 50 juels -->25 juels (25 juels released)
(reactince) (product)
82
Activation Energy
energy you need to start a reaction.
83
Juels
measurement of energy
84
PROTEINS IN REACTION:
Ezymes-
a protein that acts like a catalyst
______
______
85
catalyst
substance that speeds up rate of reaction
86
how does enzymes speed up reaction?
it makes the jumpstart (activation energy) less, so now it will get to do the reaction faster.
you don't have to wait for the activation energy to get to a high number you get to do the reaction right away.
87
chart of monomers and polymers:
organic | monomers: | polymers:
compounds: | |
------------------ |----------------------|------------------------
carbo- | mono - | poly-
hydrates | saccharide | sacharide
| |
lipids | fatty acid | 1 glycerol
| & glycorol | + 3 fatty acids
| |
nueclaic | nucleotides | DNA\RNA
acid | |
| |
proteins | amino | poly-
| acids | peptide
88
catalyst
makes reaction go faster by lowering activation energy
ex: enzymes (protein)
89
how does enzymes work?
they force reactince to fit in right way the first time so then it can take faster (proper oriantation)
90
different enzymes for different __________
reactions
91
after the enzymes connect reactions,they realease them (___________) and they do it again!
(product)
92
Substrates
| (work is being done to
reactence are renamed 'substrates' when they get ulled into active site
93
active site:
acts like a magnet to reactince and pulls them in the correct way
94
orientation-
must connect reactince like a puzzle for a reaction. so active site attracts reactince in the right direction
correct oriantation = faster reaction
