Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
di-
A
Two
2
Q
glyc-
A
Sweet
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Q
lip-
A
Fat
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Q
-lyt
A
Dissolvable
5
Q
mono-
A
One
6
Q
poly-
A
Many
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Q
Sacchar-
A
Sugar
8
Q
Syn-
A
With
9
Q
Chemistry
A
The branch of science that considers the composition of matter and how this composition changes.
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Q
Matter
A
Anything that has weight. Includes all liquids, solids, and gases, both in our bodies and our surroundings.
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Q
Elements
A
Any of the fundamental chemical substances, each characterized by a distinct type of atom.
A few exist in pure form, but most combine with other elements.
Each element is represented by and 1 or 2 digit symbol.
12
Q
Atoms
A
The smallest part of an element that has the properties of that element.
13
Q
Chemical Bond
A
Attractive force holding atoms together.
14
Q
Nucleus
A
- The dense core of an atom, composed of protons and usually neutrons.
- Cellular organelle enclosed by double-layered, porous membrane and containing DNA.
- Masses of interneuron cell bodies in the central nervous system.
15
Q
Electrons
A
Small negatively charged particles that encircle the nucleus of an atom.
16
Q
Proton
A
Positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus.
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Q
Neutrons
A
Electrically neutral particle in an atomic nucleus.
18
Q
Atomic Number
A
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
19
Q
Atomic Weight
A
The combined number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
20
Q
Isotopes
A
Atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element, but a different number of neutrons in its nucleus. Thus, an atom of a different weight that other atoms of that element.
21
Q
Radioactive
A
Property of some atoms that release energy or pieces of matter at a constant rate.
Unstable Isotopes.
22
Q
Half-life
A
The time required for an isotope to lose one-half of its radioactivity.
23
Q
Inert
A
Elements that do not react with other elements.
They have stable structure and are chemically inactive.
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Q
Ions
A
Particle that results when an atom or molecule becomes electrically charged.
(What an atom gains or loses electrons.)
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Ionic Bond (Electrovalent Bond)
Chemical bond that results from the attraction of two oppositely charged ions.
They do not form discrete molecules, instead they form arrays.
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Covalent Bond
Chemical bond formed by electrons sharing between atoms.
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Polar
A molecule with equal numbers of protons and electrons, yet having a slightly positive region due to uneven distribution of those charged particles.
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Hydrogen Bond
Weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an atom of oxygen or nitrogen, between molecules or between different regions of very large molecules.
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Molecule
Particle composed of two or more bonded atoms.
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Compound
Substance composed of two or more chemically bonded atoms of different elements.
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Molecular Formula
Abbreviation for the number of atoms of each element in a compound.
Represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.
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Structural Formulas
Representation of the way atoms bond to form a molecule, using symbols for each element and lines to indicate chemical bonds.
Single line = single bond
Double line = double bond
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Synthesis
Building large molecules from smaller ones.
Example: When two or more atoms bond to form a more complex structure.
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Decomposition
Breakdown of molecules.
If the bonds within a reactant molecule break so that simpler molecules, atoms, or ions form.
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Exchange reaction
Chemical reaction in which part of two kinds of molecules trade positions. (Trade positions as bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.)
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Acid
Substance the ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions.
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Ionize
To become converted into an ion.
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Base
Substance that ionizes in water, releasing hydroxide ions (OH) or other ions that combine with hydrogen ions.
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Salt
Compound composed of oppositely charged ions.
Compound produced by the reaction of an acid and a base.
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Reversible Reaction
When the product of a reaction can change back to the reactant that originally underwent the reaction.
Symbolized with a double arrow.
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Catalyst
Chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction , but is not permanently altered by the reaction.
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Electrolyte
Substance that dissociates to release ions in water.
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pH
A shorthand system that the acidic or base (alkaline) condition of a solution.
Values range from 0-14; the lower the pH numbers, the more acidic the solution.
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Neutral
Neither acidic nor alkaline; pH of 7.0
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Acidic
A solution with pH less than 7.0%.
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Basic (Alkaline(
A solution with a pH greater than 7.0%.
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Buffers
Substance that can combine with hydrogen ions when they are in excess, or release them when they are in short supply, thus resisting a change in pH.
Alternatively, substance that react with a strong acid or base to form a weaker acid or base and thus resisting a change in pH.
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Organic
Chemicals that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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Inorganic
Chemical substances that do NOT contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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Nonelectrolytes
Substances that do NOT release ions when dissolved in water.
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Electrolytes
Substance that DOES release ions when dissolved in water.
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Solvent
Liquid portion of a solution in which a solute is dissolved.
Substance that other substances dissolve in.
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Solute
Chemical dissolved in a solution.
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Carbohydrates
Organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ration.
Provides much of the energy that cells require. They supply materials to build certain cell structures and often are stores as reserve energy supplies.
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Sugars
Sweet tasting carbohydrate.
Among the smallest carbohydrates.
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Simple Sugars (Monosaccharides)
Simple sugar such as glucose or fructose. Or galactose, as well a ribose and deoxyribose.
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Saccharide
Sugar
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Simple Sugar
Monosaccharides
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Disaccharides
Sugar produced by the union of two monosaccharides.
Double sugars.
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Polysaccharides
Carbohydrate composed of many joined monosaccharides.
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Lipids
Group of organic compounds that include triglycerides, (Fats), steroids, and phospholipids.
Provide energy and cell structure.
Insoluble in water.
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Triglycerides
Fat
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Triglycerides
Lipid composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.
Fat.
Used primarily to store energy for cellular activities. Also provides thermal insulation beneath the skin.
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Fatty Acids
Building block of a triglyceride (fat) molecule.
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Glycerol
Organic compound that is a building block for triglyceride (fat) molecules.
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Saturated
Fatty acid where each carbon atom is bound to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.
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Unsaturated
Fatty acid molecules with double bonds.
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Polyunsaturated
Fatty acid molecules with many double bonded carbon atoms.
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Phospholipid
Similar to a triglyceride but only has 2 fatty acid chains and in place of a third is a portion that includes a phosphate group.
Used as structural components in cell membranes.
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Steroids
Type of lipid formed of 4 complex rings of carbon and associated with hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Widely distributed in the body and have a variety of functions.
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Proteins
Many serve as structural materials, energy sources, or hormones.
Some combine with carbs and function as receptors on cell surfaces, allowing cells to respond to specific types of molecules.
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Antibodies
Proteins that detect and destroy foreign substances in the body.
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Amino Acids
Building blocks of protein.
Each amino acid has an "amino group" at one end and a "carboxyl group" at the other. They also have a "side chain" or "R group" thought of as the rest of the molecule and the composition of the R group distinguishes one type of amino acid from another.
20 different amino acids make up the proteins of most living organisms.
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Conformation
3 dimensional form of a protein. The conformation of a protein determines its function.
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Nucleic Acids
A molecule formed of a chain of nucleotides.
RNA or DNA.
They form genes and take part in protein synthesis.
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Nucleotides
Building block of a nucleic acid molecule. Consisting of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Single stranded polymer of nucleotides in which each nucleotide includes the sugar rubose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. (Adenine, uracil, guanine, or sytosine.)
Main location is in the cytoplasm.
mRNA carries transcribed DNA information to cytoplasm and acts as a template for synthesis of protein molecules. tRNA carries amino acids to mRNA.
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
The genetic material.
A double stranded polymer of nucleotides, each consisting of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (Adenine, thymine, guanine, or cystonine) and the sugar deoxyribose.
Part of chromosomes, located in the nucleus.
Replicates prior to cell division; contains information for protein synthesis.
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Inorganic Molecule - Water
H2O. Medium in which most chemical reactions occur.
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Inorganic Molecule - Oxygen
O2. Used in energy releases from glucose molecules.
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Inorganic Molecule - Carbon Dioxide
CO2. Waste product that results from metabolism.
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Inorganic Ions - Bicarbonate Ions
HCO3. Helps maintain acid-base balance
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Inorganic Ions - Calcium Ions
Ca+2. Necessary for bone tissue.
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Inorganic Ions - Carbonate Ions
CO3/-2. Component of bone tissue.
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Inorganic Ions - Chloride Ions
CI-. Major extracellular negatively charged ions
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Inorganic Ions - Hydrogen Ions
H+. pH of the internal environment
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Inorganic Ions - Magnesium Ions
Mg+2. Component of bone tissue.
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Inorganic Ions - Phosphate Ions
PO4/-3. Required for synthesis of ATP, nucleic acids, and other vital substances.
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Inorganic Ions - Potassium Ions
K+. Required for polarization of cell membranes
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Inorganic Ions - Sodium Ions
Na+. Required for polarization of cell membranes.
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Inorganic Ions - Sulfate Ions
SO4/-2. Helps maintain polarization of cell membranes.
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Saturated Triglycerides
More abundant in fatty foods that are solids at room temperature.
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Unsaturated Fats
In fatty foods that are liquid at room temperature.
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Monosaturated Fats
Most heart-healthy fats.
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Enzymes
Proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions. Metabolism could not occur fast enough to support life without them.
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Protein Primary Structure
The amino acid sequence, the order in which particular amino acids occur in the polypeptide chain.
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Protein Secondary Structure
Results from the hydrogen bonds between amino acids that are close together in the polypeptide chain.
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Protein Tertiary Structures
Introduces folds due to attraction involving amino acids far apart in the polypeptide chain.
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Protein Quaternary Structure
Protein with more than one polypeptide chain.
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Denatured
When hydrogen bonds in a protein break, the protein's unique shape may be changed dramatically, or "denatured".
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Biomarker
A chemical in the body that indicates a disease process or exposure to a toxin.
