Chapter 2- chemical level

Question 1

Major Elements and functions

Answer 1

Oxygen (O) -major component of organic and inorganic compounds, needed for production of ATP. Carbon (C) -primary component of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins, and nucleic acid Hydrogen (H) -component of inorganic molecules, influences pH as H- and OH ions Nitrogen (N) -component of proteins and nucleic acid

Question 2

Lesser elements Calcium

Answer 2

Calcium (Ca) -found as a salt in bones and teeth, required for muscle contraction and conduction of nerve impulses and blood clotting as a cation (Ca+)

Question 3

Lesser Element Phosphorus

Answer 3

(P) part of calcium phosphate salt in bones and teeth, present in nucleic acids and ATP

Question 4

Lesser element Potassium

Answer 4

(K) major cation in cells, necessary for nerve impulses and muscle contraction (K+)

Question 5

Lesser element Sulfer

Answer 5

(S) component of proteins, specifically muscle proteins

Question 6

Lesser element Sodium

Answer 6

(Na) major cation (Na+) in extracellular fluid, important for water balance, nerve impulses and muscle contraction

Question 7

Lesser element Chlorine

Answer 7

(Cl) most abundant cation in extracellular fluid (Cl-)

Question 8

lesser element Magnesium

Answer 8

(Mg) Present in bone, and important for metabolic processes

Question 9

lesser element Iodine

Answer 9

(I) needed for thyroid function

Question 10

Lesser element Iron

Answer 10

(Fe) component of hemoglobin (required for transport of oxygen within red blood cells) and some other enzymes

Question 11

Trace elements

Answer 11

Copper (Cu), Fluorine (F), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Silicone (Si)

Question 12

Free Radicals

Answer 12

Group of atoms with unpaired electrons, formed through oxygen reactions, and become highly reactive and can start chain reactions.

Question 13

Atom structure

Answer 13

Question 14

Atomic number, Atomic mass, mass number

Answer 14

Question 15

Isotopes

Answer 15

form of an element, ex Carbon12, Carbon16, different isotopes have different functions

Question 16

ion and ionization

Answer 16

ions always have charges, either - or + , ionization is breaking down elements into seperate elements with charges

Question 17

molecule

Answer 17

two or more atoms

Question 18

compound

Answer 18

2 or more molecules

Question 19

Valence shell electrons

Answer 19

unpaired electrons in the last shell of electrons, each shell after the first has 8 electrons (4 pairs)

Question 20

ionic bond

cation

anion

electrolyte

Answer 20

an ionic bond is a bond in which a molecule loses or gains an electron, resulting in a postively charged cation, or negatively charged anion. Solutions with ionic molecules can conduct eletctricity, thus called an electrolyte

Question 21

Covalent bond

Answer 21

A chemical bond where electrons are shared to complete valence shells, one shares pair=single, 2=double, 3=triple

Question 22

Electronegativity

polar and non polar

Answer 22

Ability to attract electrons

some atoms have more electronegativity than others creating a polar molecule

Question 23

hydrogen bond

Answer 23

weak bond in which hydrogen atom forms a bridge betweeb two electron hungry atoms, important intramolecular bond

Question 24

surface tension

Answer 24

surface tension of water is water molecules being interconnected with eachother due to traction of particles

Question 25

reactants and products

Answer 25

Question 26

catalysts

Answer 26

not part of reaction, but cause reactions to happen faster

Question 27

Synthesis reactions vs decomposition reactions

Answer 27

Anabolism vs Catabolism

Question 28

Exchange reaction

Answer 28

Question 29

Reversible reaction

Answer 29

Question 30

oxydation and reduction

Answer 30

oxydation-losing electrons reduction-gaining electrons

Question 31

properties of inorgainic compounds

Answer 31

Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon and are structurally simple. Their molecules also have only a few atoms and cannot be used by cells to perform complicated biological functions. They include water and many salts, acids, and bases. Inorganic compounds may have either ionic or covalent bonds

Question 32

properties of organic compounds

Answer 32

Organic compounds always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, and always have covalent bonds. Most are large molecules, many made up of long carbon atom chains.

Question 33

Water as a solvent-