Chapter 4

Question 1

What is tissue and what are 4 major types of tissue

Answer 1

Tissue is a group of cells that have a common origin and function Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue are the 4 types present in the body

Question 2

Histology and pathologist

Answer 2

Histology is the study of tissue A pathologist examines and studies tissue and cells

Question 3

Epithelial tissue

Answer 3

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts Forms glands, Allows body to interact with both internal and external environments

Question 4

Connective tissue

Answer 4

Protects and supports body and organs Bonds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, helps provide immunity against disease causing organisms

Question 5

Muscular tissue

Answer 5

Composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force Generates heat

Question 6

Nervous tissue

Answer 6

Detects changes inside and outside body, responds to changes by generating nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) to activate muscle contractions and glandular secretions

Question 7

Glands

Answer 7

Cells that secrete substances Endocrine glands excrete hormones into interstitial fluid and directly into bloodstream Exocrine glands excrete products into ducts that empty on to skin and hollow organs, products can be harmful in bloodstream

Question 8

Glandular epithelium

Answer 8

Glands made of epithelial tissue that secrete hormones and other products

Question 9

Connective tissue cells

Answer 9

Fibroblasts, macrophage, plasma cells, mast cell, andipocyte, and leucocytes

Question 10

Extracellular matrix of connective tissue

Answer 10

Material between widely spread apart cells in connective tissue Consists of protein fibres and ground substance Secreted by connective cells Determines tissues qualities

Question 11

Fibroblast

Answer 11

Large flat cells with branching processes Most numerous cells present in connective tissue Secrete fibres and ground substance

Question 12

Macrophages

Answer 12

Develop from monocytes Type of white blood cell Irregular shape with short branching projections Engulf bacteria and debris produced by phagocytosis Fixed macrophages reside in specific areas such as alveolar macrophages in lungs. Wandering macrophages move through tissue and gather at infection sites to carry out phagocytosis.

Question 13

Plasma cells

Answer 13

Small cells developed from small white blood cells called B lymphocytes. Secrete antibodies and proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances. Important to immune system

Question 14

Mast cells

Answer 14

Abundant along blood vessels Produce histamine which dial antes small blood vessels as inflammatory response Binds to, ingests, and kills bacteria

Question 15

Adipocytes

Answer 15

Fat cells or adipose cells Store fats Found around deep organs such as heart and kidneys

Question 16

Leucocytes

Answer 16

White blood cells Very few found in connective tissue Migrate to connective tissue as part of immune response Neutrophils gather at infection sites Eosinophils migrate to parasitic invasion sites and allergic responses.

Question 17

Ground substance

Answer 17

Component of connective tissue Can be fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous, or calcified. Supports and binds cells together. Stores water and provides medium for exchange of substances between blood and cells. Active role in development of tissue, migration, proliferation and shape change of tissue, and how they carry out metabolic functions. Contains water and organic molecules.

Question 18

collagen fibers

Answer 18

strong, resist pulling forces, not stiff. occur in parallel bundles, has lots of tensile strength, contain protein collagen, found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and logaments

Question 19

Elastic fibers

Answer 19

smaller diameter than collagen, branch together to form fibrous network. contain elastin protein, surrounded by fibrillin glycoprotein, high elasticity, plentiful in skin, blood vessels and lung tissue

Question 20

Reticular fibers

Answer 20

consist of collagen arranged in bundles coated by glycoprotein, provide support, part of connective tissue that forms stroma (supporting framework) of soft organs, spleen and lymph nodes.

Question 21

Tight Cell Junctions

Answer 21

Made of web like strands of membrane protiens that fuse together outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells.

Present in tissue lining stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder,

Inhibit passage of substances between cells and prevent contents of organs from leaking into surrounding tissue

Question 22

Adherens Junctions

Answer 22

Contain plaque- dense layer of proteins on inside of plasma membrane that attach to both membrane proteins and cytoskeleton of cells. Joined by transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins.

form extensive zones called adherens belts.

help epitheleal surfaces resist seperation during contractile activities.

Question 23

Desmosomes

Answer 23

contain plaque and transmembrane glycoproteins.

plaque of desmosomes does not attatch to microfilaments, instead attaches to intermediate filaments.

contributes to stability of cells and tissue, common among cells in epidermis and cardiac muscle cells.

prevent epidermal cells from seperating under tension and prevent muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.

Question 24

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 24

have transmembrane protiens called integrins, look like half of a desmosome.

attach to intermediate filaments made of keratin on inside, on ouutside attatch to laminin.

Do not anchor to other cells.

Question 25

Gap junctions

Answer 25

connexins protiens form fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells. cells seperated thrugh intracellular gaps, allowing diffusion of particles between cells. allow for communication between cells by allowing nerve impulses to travel quickly between cells.

Question 26

epithelial tissue or epithelium apical surface lateral surface basal surface

Answer 26

apical surface-faces body surface, cavity or lumen of internal organ, or tubular duct. May contain cilia or microvilli Laterl surface-face adjacent cells on either side, contain tight junctions, adherens junctions, demosomes or gap junctions basal surface- opposite apical surface, deepedst layer of epithelial cells adhere to extracellular material.

Question 27

basement membrane

Answer 27

lowest part of membrane, thin layer of epithelial tissue made up of mostly protein fibers, made up of basal lamina and reticular lamina. function-to protect epithelial tissue and help with injury

Question 28

covering and lining epithelium

Answer 28

forms outer covering of skin and internal organs. forms inner lining of blood vessels, ducts and cavities and interior of respiratory, digestive, irinary and reproductive tissue. type of epithelial tissue

Question 29

glandular epithelium

Answer 29

makes up secreeting portionn of glads such as thyroid gland, adrenal gland and seat glands

Question 30

Cell layers

Answer 30

Simple epithelium-single layer of cells, function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion or absorption. Pseudostatified-appears to have multiple layers because nuclei lay at different levels, all cells rest on basement membrane. secrete mucus. Stratified- consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissue in ocations where there is considerable wear and tear.

Question 31

Cell shapes

Answer 31

Squamous cells-thin, allow for rapid passage of substances Cuboidal-wide, shaped like cubes and hexagons. function in secretion or absorption. Columnar-taller and thinner, like columns, protect underlying tissue. specialized for secretion or absorption. Transitional-change shape, such as urinary bladdar stretching and collapsing.

Question 32

structural classification of exocrine glands unicellular multicellular simple compound acinar tubuloacinar

Answer 32

unicellular-single cell glands, ex-goblet cells are inportant in unicellular glands that secrete mucus, found in epitheleal lining of respiratory multicellular-multi cell layer, ex-sweat glands simple-duct does not branch out compound-duct branches out acinar-rounded secretatory glands tubuloacinar-tubular secretatory glands

Question 33

functional classifications of glands merocrine apocrine holocrine

Answer 33

merocrine-secretory product is expelled out of cell into lumen, apocrine-responsible for accumalation in apex in secreatory cells, cells pinch and cut off. holocrine-secratory product accumulated, cells die and are released into lumen, rupture and secretory cells released.