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Micro Lecture > Chapter 2 Chemical Principles > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemical Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Chemistry

A

The study of interactions between atoms

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2
Q

What type of chemistry is non-living?

What type of chemistry is living

A

Inorganic

Organic

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3
Q

Everything that occupies space is made of?

What is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions?

A

Matter

Atom

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4
Q

Atoms interact to form what?

A

Molecules and compounds

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5
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

Electrons (-)
Protons (+)
Neutrons neutral

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6
Q

What does the number of protons define?

What is the Atomic weight?

A

Atomic Number

Sum of the Protons and Nuetrons

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7
Q

Define Isotopes?

A

They are atoms with different number of NEUTRONS.

Ex. Isotopes of oxygen 16O, 17O, 18O

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8
Q

What are the elements of life?

A 
hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Sodium
Mg
Phosphorus
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9
Q

How are electrons arranged? Meaning what is its names?

How many can each hold

A

Shells or orbits

Each can hold

  • 2
  • 8
  • 8
  • 18
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10
Q

What is the octet rule?

What is the exception?

A

Atoms react to one another to achieve 8 electrons in the outer shell

Hydrogen (H2)- the first shell which is complete with 2e is the outer shell

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11
Q

To comply with the octet rule what must atoms do?

The number of missing or extra electrons in this shell is known as?

A

Atom must combine to complete the outer most shell

Called valence

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12
Q

Molecules that hold together because the valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces is called?

What is needed for this to happen?

A

Chemical bonds

These bonds need energy to form so each molecule had some potential energy

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13
Q

What are the three different chemical bonds

A
  • ionic bonds - transfer of e-
  • covalent bonds - Sharing of e-
  • hydrogen bonds - weak bonds that can be broken and re-formed.
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14
Q

Example of Ionic Bond

A

NaCl

Sodium (donor) gives up an electron to chloride (electron acceptor)

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15
Q

What are ionic bonds

A

The number of protons and electrons is equal in an atom, so atoms have no net charge

Ions are charged atoms that have either gained or lost electrons

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16
Q

Attractions of the opposite charge is called?

A

Ionic Bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses and electron and the other gains an electron

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17
Q

Negatively charged ions are called?

Positively charged ions are called?

A

Anions

Cations

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18
Q

The reason why ionic bond forms between Na and Cl

A

The opposite charge holds them together

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19
Q

Define covalent bonds?

A

They form with two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Example is Methane CH4

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20
Q

Define hydrogen bond?

A

They form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O tame in another molecule

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21
Q

Define Molecular weight

A

The sum of the atomic weight in a molecule is the molecular weight

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22
Q

One ? Of a substance is its molecular weight in grams

A

Mole

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23
Q

What involves the making or breaking of bonds between atoms?

A

Chemical reactions

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24
Q

What is the change that occurs during a chemical reaction?

What are the two types of reactions and what do they do?

What is waters role?

A

Chemical energy

Endergonic reactions absorb energy

Exergonic reactions release energy

H2O is either produced or used in both reactions

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25
# Define Anabolism? What else is this called? What happens to energy with these?
Is the synthesis of large molecules in a cell Dehydration or condensation Usually use energy
26
Define Catabolism
Decomposition reactions in a cell and usually generate energy
27
What are exchange reactions?
Are part synthesis and part decomposition
28
What is the collision Theory? What is this energy called?
All atoms, ions and molecule are constantly moving and colliding with each other The Collision energy which is required for a chemical reaction is it's Activation Energy (AE)
29
What is an enzymes function when it comes to a reaction? What are enzymes made of?
Enzymes decrease AE and act as catalyst to speed up the reaction. They are made of proteins
30
What does an enzyme primarily work on? Do they work on all?
Enzymes work on substrates and enzymes are very specific.
31
What always contain carbon and hydrogen and are large like proteins,a no lipids?
Organic compounds Inorganic lack carbon
32
Define water
Inorganic molecule Polar molecule Typically a solvent Has a negatively charged pole and a positively charged pole.
33
Polar substances dissociate and dissolve in water which are called?
Hydrophilic
34
What is the significance of the hydrogen bonds of water
The H-bonds absorb heat Makes water a temperature buffer
35
# Define acids What are they called?
Substances that dissociate into one or mor H+ (proton) Therefore called proton donor HCL ---> H+ + Cl-
36
# Define bases What are they typically called
Substances that dissociate into one or more OH- (hydroxide ion), they accept H+ The are proton acceptors NaOH---> NA+ + OH-
37
Define salts
Substances that dissociated into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-
38
The amount of H+ in a solution is expressed as? What is the formula to calculate this?
- pH - pH = -log10 [H+] Increasing [H+] increases acidity Increasing [OH-] increases alkalinity
39
Most organisms grow at what pH? | Give examples
Between pH 6.5 and 8.5 - Fungi. Acidic (pH <7) - Cyanobacteria. Alkaline (pH>7)
40
What is the function of a buffer?
Resists the changes in pH and keep pH constant
41
What are macromolecules What are the smaller unit molecules called?
Polymers consisting of many repeating unit organic molecules that combine to form large macromolecules Monomers
42
How are polymers made?
Monomers join by dehydration, synthesis or condensation reactions to form macromolecules
43
Define carbohydrates
Energy sources and also cell structures They are named according to the number of Carbons - Hexose has 6 (C) - Pentose has 5 (C)
44
What are the simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Monosaccharides
45
Define disaccharides and how they are broken down and give an example?
Disaccharides are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis They can be broken down by hydrolysis E.g. Glucose + Galactose ---> Lactose
46
What are Oligosaccharides
Consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides
47
What are polysaccharides Give a few examples of polymers of glucose
Consists of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration syntheses Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose, are polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded differently
48
What is chitin
A polymer of 2 sugars repeating many times. the shells of crabs and lobsters
49
Define Lipids
Primary component of cell membranes Consist of C, H, and O Are non-polar and insoluble in water
50
What are considered simple lipids, meaning their structure and how they are formed?
Fats or Triglycerides Contain 1 glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails. Formed by dehydration synthesis
51
When a fatty acid has no double bonds, what is it said to be and explain its structure
Saturated fat- no double bonds They are solid at room temperature
52
What does it mean when a fat is said to be unsaturated? What are the two forms unsaturated fatty acids can be?
Unsaturated fat has one or more double bonds in the fatty acids, and they are liquids at room temp Cis: H atoms on the same side of the double bond Trans: H atoms on the opposite side of the double bond
53
# Define phospholipids? What is the unique fact about them
Contain phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur. Membranes are made of phospholipids The interesting fact is they have both polar and non-polar ends
54
Define Steroids & Cholesterol
4 carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring They are also parts of membrane
55
Define proteins and give examples
Proteins come from genes and they are essential in cell structure and function Enzymes are proteins that speed Chem reactions up Transporter proteins move chemicals across membranes Flagella (motility) are made of proteins Some bacterial toxins are proteins Structural proteins- They are the building blocks for muscle, hair, and nails
56
What are the two stereoisomers of Amino Acids
D or L (mirror) image L-forms are the most often found in nature
57
What are the levels of protein structure and define them?
Primary Structure- the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Secondary structure - occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats Tertiary- occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between the amino acids in the chain - they are 3-D structures - they do depend of temp and pH - Therefore in a hostile environment they could denature Quaternary- consists of 2 or more polypeptides in their folded state
58
What is a conjugated protein Give the 4 main conjugated proteins
Proteins consists of amino acids and other organic molecules - glycoproteins- sugar - nucleoproteins- nucleotide - lipoproteins- lipids - phosphoprotein- phosphate
59
What are nucleic acids made of? And what do they form
Made of nucleotide subunits Nucleic acids are made from genes
60
What are the two forms of nucleic acids and what is their difference?
DNA RNA They differ by an oxygen
61
the genes on DNA have a specific function, what is it?
Genes encode for proteins
62
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Nitrogen-containing base
63
How are the strands of DNA formed?
Nucleotides are linked via covalent bonds, which are between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another and this continues in an alternating fashion. Sugar, phosphate, sugar, phosphate etc...
64
The alternating form of sugars and phosphates form what?
Form the back bone of DNA with the bases extended outward
65
What are the 4 bases found in DNA
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
66
What are the purines of the nitrogenous bases?
Adenine Guanine
67
What are the Pyrimidines of the nitrogenous bases
Thymine Cytosine
68
What binds to what in base pairing? How many hydrogen bonds form?
A bind to T double bond G bind to C triple bond
69
Sugars and phosphates for what? And base pairs form what in DNA?
Sugars and phosphates make up the sides of DNA while the linked base pairs form the rungs
70
What are the overall 5 bases found in nucleotides
Adenine and guanine which are double ringed purines Cytosine, thymine and Uracil are single ringed Pyrimidines Uracil is only in RNA
71
What is RNA and explain its structure and bonding capabilities
Ribonucleic Acid It's sugar is ribose It's single stranded A hydrogen bonds to U C hydrogen bonds to G
72
Who are the 4 scientists involved in the discovery of DNA and its structure
Watson and Crick Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
73
Define ATP, its structure and function
Adenosine triphosphate Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups It's the energy currency of the cells

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