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Biology > Chapter 2 Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemistry Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

Element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions

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3
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in combination

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4
Q

Neutron

A

the non-charged particle in the atoms nucleus

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5
Q

Proton

A

positively charged ions

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6
Q

Electron

A

negatively charged ions

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7
Q

Isotope

A

atoms with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons

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8
Q

Ion

A

an atom or group of atoms that has a + or - charge as a result of losing or gaining electrons

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9
Q

Ionic Bond

A

the formation of a chemical bond between ions of opposite charge

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10
Q

Covalent Bond

A

a bond formed between atoms as a result of sharing a pair of electrons

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11
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

the weak intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen atom of one molecular and a nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom of another molecule; especially significant in affecting the characteristics of water.

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12
Q

Molecule

A

the smallest possible unit of a substance that consists of 2 or more atoms

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13
Q

Compound

A

a substance composed of 2 or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions

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14
Q

Chemical Change

A

a change in which a substance loses its characteristics and changes into one or more new substances

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15
Q

Physical Change

A

alternating a substance in its state of matter and appearance without changing it into a new substance

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16
Q

Mixture

A

a material that contains 2 or more substances

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17
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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18
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion; may take the form of heat , light, electricity, etc.

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19
Q

potential energy

A

the energy that is stored until being released

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20
Q

entropy

A

a measure of unusable energy that escapes when energy is being converted from one form to another; an increase in disorder and degression

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21
Q

reactant

A

the starting substance of a chemical reaction

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22
Q

product

A

the physical result of a chemical reaction

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23
Q

activation energy

A

the initial energy necessary to start a chemical reaction

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24
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that affects the rate of a reaction but is not changed in the reaction

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25
enzyme
a protein molecule that is produced by living cells to catalyze specific reactions
26
active site
the portion of an enzyme's surface that is believed to band to a particular substrate during the action of an enzyme
27
substrate
the chemical or chemicals an enzyme will affect
28
solution
the uniform dissolving of one substance into another substance
29
solute
the dissolved substance in a solution
30
solvent
the substance (often a liquid) into which a solute is dissolved
31
concentration
an expression of the proportions of solute to solvent in a solution
32
diffusion
the random movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
33
equilibrium
a state of balance as is seen when diffusion has progressed to the point where there are no longer regions of higher and lower concentration
34
polar molecule
a molecule with charged poles (not balanced by symmetry)
35
cohesion
the force that holds molecules of the same substance together; characteristics that cause water to move up plant stem
36
adhesion
the force that holds molecules of different substances together
37
concentration gradient
the difference between the numbers of molecules in one area and the number of the same molecules in an area nearby
38
semipermeable membrane
a membrane that is permeable to certain molecules or ions but not to others
39
acid
any substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water; a substance that neutralizes a base
40
base
a substance that releases hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water; neutralizes an acid
41
pH
the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution using values from 0 to 14
42
buffer
a dissolved substance that makes a solution resistant to a change in its pH (the concentration of hydrogen ions)
43
osmosis
diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane
44
organic compound
those that contain carbon
45
carbohydrate
an organic compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
46
monosaccharide
a simple sugar
47
glucose
a common six-carbon simple sugar
48
disaccharide
a sugar composed of two monosaccharide
49
polysaccharide
a large, complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides
50
starch
a polysaccharide; often used for energy storage by plants
51
glycogen
a polysaccharide; animal starch; branching chains of glucose molecules
52
cellulose
chains of glucose molecules; found in plant cell walls
53
lipid
an organic compound that is insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvent
54
fatty acid
a common lipid composed of a chain of 14-18 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group on the end
55
hydrophilic molecule
a molecule attracted to or having an affinity for water
56
hydrophobic molecule
a molecule not having an affinity for water
57
triglyceride
the body's most abundant type of lipid; formed by combining three fatty acid molecules to a molecule of glycerol (glycerin), a 3-carbon alcohol
58
saturated
describing a fatty acid molecule with only single bonds between carbon atoms
59
unsaturated
a fatty-acid molecule in which some of the carbon atoms are double-bonded to each other
60
steroid
a lipid composed of a carbon backbone of four carbon rings and a side chain of carbon atoms; many functions as hormones
61
monomer
one of the repeating units within a polymer or macromolecule
62
polymer
a macromolecule made up of a chain of a chain of monomers, sometimes identical
63
protein
an organic compound that is composed of amino acids
64
amino acid
the basic "building blocks" of a protein molecule
65
polypeptide
a chain formed by many peptide bonds, as in formation of a protein by many amino acids being bonded by peptide bonds
66
nucleic acid
an organic compound in living cells that is responsible for passing on hereditary information; DNA and RNA
67
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; the nucleic acid that is located primarily in the nucleus; carrier of genetic information
68
double helix
the shape of a DNA molecule, characterized by two parallel, spiral strands
69
nucleotide
the basic components of a DNA or RNA molecule; each is made up of sugar, a phosphate, and a base
70
replication
the process whereby a DNA molecule duplicates itself and forms a new DNA molecule
71
RNA
ribonucleic acid; the type of nucleic acid that forms from DNA and functions with ribosomes to form proteins molecules
72
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that separates the DNA double helix to initiate transcription
73
What is a carb made up of and how does it function?
organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
74
Primary function of carbs
75
Examples of monosaccharides
76
examples of disaccharides
sucrose
77
examples of polysaccharides
78
what substances make up lipids
Lipids are an essential component of the cell membrane. The structure is typically made of a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a phosphate group (hydrophilic)
79
what characteristics do lipids have
80
what are the physical characteristics of unsaturated fats
81
what are the physical characteristics of saturated fats
solid at room temp
82
list several lipids
83
What is the relationship b/w proteins and nucleic acids?
84
What is the realationship b/w amino acids and proteins?
An amino acid is the fundamental molecule that serves as the building block for proteins. There are 20 different amino acids. A protein consists of one or more chains of amino acids (called polypeptides) whose sequence is encoded in a gene.
85
What are the primary nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
86
Describe the structure of the DNA model?
it is a double helix
87
What is unique about replication of a DNA molecule?
This is why DNA replication is described as semi-conservative, half of the chain is part of the original DNA molecule, half is brand new.
88
What is the structural difference b/w DNA and RNA?
DNA has a double helix and RNA is just a single strand

Biology (5 decks)

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