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Human Biology > Chapter 2 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The study of matter and energy

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2
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Composed of elements

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3
Q

What is energy?

A

Power to do work

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4
Q

What are elements?

A

Cannot be broken down to a simpler form

Periodic table of elements lists all known elements

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5
Q

What does the natural world consist of?

A

The natural world consists of matter and energy.

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6
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of matter?

A

The smallest functional unit of matter is an atom.

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7
Q

How do atoms form molecules?

A

Chemical bonds link atoms together to form molecules.

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8
Q

Why do chemical bonds form?

A

These bonds form naturally because molecules are more stable than the atoms that comprise them.

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9
Q

What is the universal biological solvent?

A

Water is the universal biological solvent.

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10
Q

What role does water play in cells?

A

Water comprises most of the fluid within cells and surrounds all cells in multicellular organisms.

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11
Q

How do living things use energy?

A

Living things harness energy and use it to make complex molecules not otherwise found in nature.

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12
Q

What types of complex molecules do living things create?

A

These molecules include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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13
Q

What is the common building block of organic molecules?

A

Carbon is the common building block of all four classes of organic molecules.

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14
Q

Why is carbon important in organic molecules?

A

Carbon can form chemical bonds with many other atoms.

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15
Q

What is the atomic symbol for Oxygen?

A

O

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16
Q

What is the atomic symbol for Carbon?

A

C

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17
Q

What is the atomic symbol for Hydrogen?

A

H

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18
Q

What is the atomic symbol for Nitrogen?

A

N

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19
Q

What is the atomic symbol for Calcium?

A

Ca

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20
Q

What is the atomic symbol for Phosphorus?

A

P

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21
Q

What is the atomic number of Oxygen?

A

8

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22
Q

What is the atomic number of Carbon?

A

6

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23
Q

What is the atomic number of Hydrogen?

A

1

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24
Q

What is the atomic number of Nitrogen?

A

7

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25
What is the atomic number of Calcium?
20
26
What is the atomic number of Phosphorus?
15
27
What is the atomic mass of Oxygen?
16.0
28
What is the atomic mass of Carbon?
12.0
29
What is the atomic mass of Hydrogen?
1.0
30
What is the atomic mass of Nitrogen?
14.0
31
What is the atomic mass of Calcium?
40.1
32
What is the atomic mass of Phosphorus?
31.0
33
What is the role of Oxygen in the body?
Part of water and most organic molecules; also molecular oxygen
34
What is the role of Carbon in the body?
The backbone of all organic molecules
35
What is the role of Hydrogen in the body?
Part of all organic molecules and of water
36
What is the role of Nitrogen in the body?
Component of proteins and nucleic acids
37
What is the role of Calcium in the body?
Constituent of bone, also essential for the action of nerves and muscles
38
What is the role of Phosphorus in the body?
Part of cell membranes and of energy storage molecules. Also a constituent of bone
39
What is the atomic symbol for Potassium?
K
40
What is the atomic number of Potassium?
19
41
What is the atomic mass of Potassium?
39.1
42
What is the role of Potassium in the body?
Important in nerve action
43
What is the atomic symbol for Sulfur?
S
44
What is the atomic number of Sulfur?
16
45
What is the atomic mass of Sulfur?
32.1
46
What is the role of Sulfur in the body?
Structural component of most proteins
47
What is the atomic symbol for Sodium?
Na
48
What is the atomic number of Sodium?
11
49
What is the atomic mass of Sodium?
23.0
50
What is the role of Sodium in the body?
The primary ion in body fluids; also important for nerve action
51
What is the atomic symbol for Chlorine?
Cl
52
What is the atomic number of Chlorine?
17
53
What is the atomic mass of Chlorine?
35.5
54
What is the role of Chlorine in the body?
Component of digestive acid; also a major ion in body fluids
55
What is the atomic symbol for Magnesium?
Mg
56
What is the atomic number of Magnesium?
12
57
What is the atomic mass of Magnesium?
24.3
58
What is the role of Magnesium in the body?
Important for the action of certain enzymes and for muscle contraction
59
What is the atomic symbol for Iron?
Fe
60
What is the atomic number of Iron?
26
61
What is the atomic mass of Iron?
55.8
62
What is the role of Iron in the body?
A constituent of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule
63
What percentage of body weight is accounted for by just six elements?
99.16%
64
What accounts for the physical properties of water?
The polar nature of the water molecule accounts for its physical properties and for its unusually good qualities as a solvent for most other molecules and ions.
65
Why is water important in human physiology?
Water is important in human temperature regulation.
66
What are the four classes of organic molecules found in living things?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
67
What is the backbone of all organic molecules?
Carbon.
68
What process forms organic molecules?
Dehydration synthesis, which requires energy and releases a water molecule.
69
What process breaks down organic molecules?
Hydrolysis, which releases energy and uses up a water molecule.
70
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars that are a source of quick energy for cells.
71
What are complex carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides formed by linking simple sugars (monosaccharides) by dehydration synthesis.
72
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
They are primarily energy-storage molecules.
73
How do plants use carbohydrates?
For structural support.
74
What is the storage molecule in animals?
Glycogen.
75
What is the storage molecule in plants?
Starch.
76
What are lipids?
Lipids include fats and oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids are insoluble in water.
77
What is the function of fats?
Fats store energy.
78
What roles do phospholipids and cholesterol play?
Phospholipids and cholesterol are important structural components of the cell membrane.
79
What are steroids synthesized from?
The sex hormones are steroids synthesized from cholesterol.
80
What are proteins?
Proteins are polymers of amino acids with unique three-dimensional structures that depend on their primary structure.
81
How many different amino acids are used to construct proteins?
Living organisms construct a tremendous number of different proteins using just 20 different amino acids.
82
What is the role of enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins that facilitate the rates of chemical reactions.
83
What do nucleic acids do?
Nucleic acids store genetic information.
84
What is DNA composed of?
DNA is composed of two long polymers of nucleotides intertwined into a double helix.
85
How many different DNA nucleotides are there?
DNA is constructed from just four different DNA nucleotides.
86
What is RNA?
RNA is a shorter, single strand of RNA nucleotides, representing the code for one or more proteins.
87
What is ATP?
ATP is a nucleotide that serves as an energy source for cells.
88
How is energy stored in ATP?
Energy is stored in the bonds between phosphate groups.
89
How is energy released from ATP?
Energy is released when the outermost phosphate-phosphate bond is broken.
90
Can ATP be replenished?
Yes, ATP can be replenished to be used again.

Human Biology (3 decks)

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