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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Chemistry?

A

The study of the composition and properties of matter and the energy transformations that accompany changes in the basic structure of matter.

Chemistry is the study of matter and energy.

Definition

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2
Q

What is the definition of Matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Definition

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3
Q

Element

A

Pure substances that are broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions

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4
Q

Large amounts of these five elements are essential to life:

A

(O)(C)(H)(N)(Ca)

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium.

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5
Q

What is an atom?

A
  • The smallest unit of an element
  • Composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons
  • (Connected with) Bondings
  • (Connected with) Compounds
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6
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of an element

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7
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms having the SAME number of protons but DIFFERENT numbers of neutrons

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8
Q

Answer the question.

What are the types of Bondings?

A
  • Ionic Bond
  • Covalent Bond (Sharing)
  • Hydrogen Bond (Equal pull)
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9
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

In other words, give and take, NO sharing

Definition

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10
Q

Ion

A

An atom with an unequal number of protons & electrons

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11
Q

What’s the definition?

Covalent Bond

A

A bond between two atoms resulting from the sharing of electrons

SHARING

Definition

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12
Q

What’s the definition?

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atom of another molecule.

(Gives water some of its unique properties)

Equal pull

Definition

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13
Q

What’s the definition?

Compound

A

A substance made up of two or more elements (Example H2O)

Expressed by the molecular and structural formulas

Definition

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14
Q

What’s the definition?

Molecule

A
  • is a distinct group of atoms bonded together
  • the smallest unit of a compound that is still that compound in a natural state.

Definition

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15
Q

True or False?

Our body is made out of 40% water.

A

FALSE!

It’s 60%!

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16
Q

True or False?

Compounds DON’T have the same properties as the elements that form them.

A

TRUE!

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17
Q

What’s the definition?

Molecular Formula

A

Expresses the number and type of atoms

Definition

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18
Q

Structural Formula

A

Composed of two elements:
* Linear Form
* Ring Form

Is often more important than the molecular form because it’s more detailed.

Has a number, type and place, whislt Molecular only has # and type

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19
Q

Chemical Change

A

1.Takes place when the atoms of a substance bond with different atoms or compounds

  1. Takes place in definite proportions
  2. Forms new compounds or release elements
  3. Involves energy
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20
Q

Physical Change

A
  1. Alters the state or the appearance of a substance
  2. Does not involve chemical bonding
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21
Q

What’s the definition?

Mixture

Question

A

The combination of two substances without chemical bonding

Definition

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22
Q

What is an:

Electron

A

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge.

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23
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work.

Definition

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24
Q

Types of Energy

A
  1. Kinetic energy
  2. Potential energy
  3. Kinetic Molecular energy
  4. Potential Energy of a Molecule

More info in the next slides

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25
Kinetic Energy
Energy in motion
26
Potential Energy
Stored energy
27
Energy Changes
* 1st law of thermodynamics (Also called law of Conservation) * 2nd law of thermodynamics | More info later.
28
1st Law of Thermodynamics
AKA: Law of Conservation **Energy is neither created nor destroyed **
29
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
**Whenever energy is used, some of it is wasted**
30
Entropy
The increase in randomness and loss of usable energy
31
Kinetic Molecular Energy
**ALL** the molecules in matter are moving.
32
Types of Chemical Reaction
* Endothermic * Exothermic * Catylyst * Enzymes | More info later.
33
Endothermic Reactions | What's the meaning of Endothermic?
* Endothermic -"Endo" = within - Absorbs heat - A + B + energy = C + D (EXAMPLE ONLY) ## Footnote Definition
34
Exothermic Reactions | What's the meaning of Exothermic?
* Exothermic - "Exo" = outside of - Release heat - A + B = C + D + energy (EXAMPLE ONLY) ## Footnote Definition
35
Catylyst Reaction | What's the meaning of a Catylyst?
Catalyst - Affects the rate of a reaction but is not consumed in the reaction - Lowers the activiation energy necessary for the reaction
36
Enzyme Reaction | What's the meaning of an Enzyme?
Enzymes: - Organic Catalysts - Activesite - Substrate
37
Reactants
Two elements or compounds that chemically react with one another
38
# What are...? Products
**Results** of the chemical reaction
39
Activation Energy
The energy **needed to start** a chemical reaction
40
# What are...? Types of Mixtures:
* Solutions * Suspensions * Colloids | More info later... ## Footnote Types. More on the definition later.
41
Solution
* A homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in another substance * "Homo" = Same * **Solute** (Dissolved) * **Solvent** (Dissolver) * Concentration = ratio of the **solute** to the **solvent**
42
Suspension
* The state of a substance when its particles are **mixed** but are **not dissolved** * Particles **settle** out
43
Colloid
* A mixture of fine particles that **do not dissolve** but **do not settle** out quickly * Gel phase (Semisolid) * Sol phase (Fluid)
44
Processes
* Osmosis * Diffusion | More info on that later.
45
Diffusion
* Net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration * Driven by kinetic molecular energy * *Concentration gradient* * Diffusion pressure | More on italized term later...
46
# What is...? Osmosis
The diffusion of **WATER** through a **semipermeable** membrane
47
Concentration Gradient
Difference between the number of one type of molecule in two adjacent areas
48
# What is...? Equilibrium
When there are **no longer places of higher and lower concentrations.**
49
Semipermeable Membrane
A membrane where **only the water molecules** are **small enough** to go through the membrane.
50
Buffers
Substances that **control acids and bases** by combining with excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions.
51
Types of **Organic Compounds**
* Carbohydrates * Lipids * Proteins * Nucleic Acids | More on that later...
52
Biosynthesis
The **putting together** of substances by living things **Bio = Life ****Syn = Put together**
53
# What is...? Functions of **Organic Compounds**
1. Structural 2. Enzymatic 3. Storage
54
Types of Carbohydrates
* Monosaccharides * Disaccharides * Polysaccharides | More on that later...
55
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides - Single sugar (Also called Simple sugar) * Glucose
56
Disaccharides
Disaccharides * Double Sugar * Sucrose
57
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides - Complex Sugar - Starch - Glycogen 'animal starch' - Cellulose (Bulk or roughage) - Chitin
58
Dehydration Synthesis
The addition of a water molecule to combine two molecules
59
Hydrolysis
The **addition of a water molecule to split** a larger molecule "Lysis" = to cut or to break
60
# What are...? Lipids
* Only slightly soluble in water but very soluble in other organic solvents * Occupy less space than starches * Fatty acids * Triglycerides * Phospholipids * Waxes * Steroids
61
Fatty Acids
* Found in animals tissue and dairy products * Store energy * Have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends * 'Philic' = love * 'Phobic' = fear * Saturated * Unsaturated
62
Saturated
* Single bonds between carbon atoms * Solid at room temp (Butter & lard)
63
Unsaturated
* Double bond between one or more pairs of carbon atoms * Liquid at room temp (Oils)
64
Triglycerides
* Most abundant type of lipid in the body * Three fatty acids with a molecule of glycerol
65
Phospholipids
* Two fatty acids with a glycerol * Also have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends
66
Steroids
* Function as chemical messengers (hormones) * Cholesterol (EXAMPLE ONLY)
67
Proteins
* Made up of long chains of amino acids * Form polypeptide bonds * Function as ENZYMES * Very important structurally and enzymatically
68
Nucleic Acids
Material for heredity
69
Nucleic Acids | More info about Nuceic Acids
* Found in the nucleus * Transmit information to the next generation of cells * Contain information for manufacturing proteins * Described by Watson and Crick (1963)
70
# What is...? DNA
* AKA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid * Structure * Double helix * Twisted ladder nucleotides * 4 bases
71
Nucleotide
Is made up of sugar, phosphate, and a base. | There are **4 bases** in total.
72
DNA bases
* Adenine * Thymine * Cytosine * Guanine
73
DNA Base bonds. | Which base bonds with the other? ## Footnote Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine?
Adenine always bonds with Thymine And Cytosine always bonds with Guanine
74
Replication
One DNA molecule becomes two DNA molecules
75
RNA
* AKA: Ribonucleic acid * Sugar = Ribose * Single Stranded * 4 bases
76
RNA Bases
* Cytosine * Guanine * Adenine * Uracil
77
RNA Base bonds
**Adenine** always bonds with **Uracil** And **Cytosine** always bonds with **Guanine**
78
Transcription
* Process by which DNA forms RNA * RNA polymerase

Biology (8 decks)

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