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Biology > Chapter 3: Introduction to Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Introduction to Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Question

What is the definition for the study of cells?

A

Cytology

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2
Q

Question

Cyto =

Logos =

What are the definitions of these terms?

A

“Cell”

“Study of”

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3
Q

What did Robert Hooke accomplish?

Specifically in 1665

A

Cork Cells

(Micrographia)

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4
Q

What did R. Brown accomplish?

Specifically in 1833

A

He attributed to the discovery of the Nucleus.

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5
Q

What did M. Schleiden discover?

Specifically in 1838

A

All plants are made out of cells

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6
Q

What is T. Schwann known for?

Specifically in 1839

A

He made a conclusion that all animals are made up of cells

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7
Q

What did Virchow claim?

In 1885

A

That cells are from other cells. In other words, cells reproducing new cells.

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8
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A
  • Cells are the structural units of all living things
  • Cells are the functional units of living things
  • Cells are from preexisting cells (In reference to Virchow’s conclusion)
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9
Q

What are the processes of the Cell?

Specifically 11 of them

A
  • Absorption
  • Digestion
  • Synthesis
  • Respiration
  • Movement
  • Irritability
  • Excretion
  • Egestion
  • Secretion
  • Homeostasis
  • Reproduction
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10
Q

What is Digestion

A

When Cells eat enzymes to break down substances

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11
Q

Synthesis

A

Putting together organic molecules

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12
Q

Respiration

A

The breaking down of food to release energy

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13
Q

Secretion

A

Putting together and then secreted

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance, steady state

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15
Q

Solubility

A

The ability of one subtance to dissolve in other susbstance

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16
Q

Cellular Organization

There are 2 of those

A
  1. Unicellular
  2. Multicellular
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17
Q

Unicellular

A
  • Consists of ONE cell
  • Examples include bacteria, many protozoans, and some algae and fungi
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18
Q

Multicellular

A
  • An organism made up of many cells
  • Colonial
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19
Q

Colonial

A
  • A group of similar cells living together that could exist separately
  • Examples include many algae and fungi
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20
Q

Multicellular Levels

A

* Tissues = groups of similar cells
* Organs = groups of tissues
* Systems = groups of organs

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21
Q

Structures of the cell

Main three structures

A
  • Boundaries
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
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22
Q

Organelle

A

Literally meaning = “Little Organ”

It is a structure inside the cell that performs a specific function

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23
Q

Types of Cells

Main 2 of them

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Eukaryotic
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24
Q

Prokaryotic

A

LACKS a TRUE NUCLEUS
Have only NON-MEMBRANE-BOUND organelles

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25
Prokaryotic
**Lacks a TRUE NUCLEUS** **Have only NON-MEMBRANE-BOUND organelles**
26
Eukaryotic
**HAS a TRUE NUCLEUS** **Have membrane-bound AND non-membrane-bound organelles**
27
Types of boundaries of a cell
1. Cell membrane 2. Cell Wall 3. Capsule or Sheath | More info in next cards
28
Cell membrane
* Outermost boundary * Surrounds every cell * **Composed of lipids and proteins** - Lipid Bilayer (Phospholipids) - Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic ends
29
Cell Well
* **Primarily composed of cellulose** * Plants, algae, fungi, many protozoans and bacteria
30
Capsule or Sheath
* **Many unicellular and colonial organisms** * Extra protection
31
Cytoplasm
All of the material within the cell membrane except the nucleus
32
Cytoplasmic Organelles
1. Mitochondria 2. Ribosomes | More info in later cards
33
Mitochondria
* "Powerhouse of the cell" **-Center of cellular respiration**
34
Cristae
* The inner folds of a mitochondria * Contain enzymes for cellular respiration
35
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
* Often called the "ER" * Folds of membranes running throughout the cytoplasm * Rough & Smooth * Channel & Synthesis
36
Golgi Apparatus
* Composed of flat, curved membrane-covered sacs * Synthesis & Secretion
37
Lysosomes
* Contain enzymes for digestion * Destroy old of useless cell structures * Like the garbage truck of the cell
38
Cytoskeleton
* The system of fibers within the cell that provides structure for the cell * Microtubules * Centrosoe * Microfilaments (Smaller than Microtubules)
39
Flagella and Cillia
1. Flagellum * Long, whip-like structure * Motility 2. Cillia * Short, hair like structures * Motility
40
Plastids
* Found in the cells of plants and algae but not in animal cells * Leucoplasts (Leuco = Clear) are storehouses for plant products * Chromoplasts (Chromo = Color) contain pigments. Chlorophil are the most abundant Chromoplasts
41
Vacuoles
* Membrane-bound sacs for storage * Vesicle = a small vacuole
42
Vacuole Functions
Food = Ingestion Waste = Egestion Central = Maintains turgor pressure in plant cells Contractile = Removes extra water from unicellular organisms Secretion = Secretes
43
Plant Cells
* Central Vacuole * Cell wall * Plastids
44
Nucleus
* Control Center * Nuclear Envelope * Chromatin Material * Nucleolus (Concentrated RNA) (Ribosome Synthesis)
45
Homeostasis
Dynamic Equilibrium
46
Environment of Cells
1. Isotonic (Equal) 2. Hypotonic (Under or beneath) 3. Hypertonic (Over and beyond)
47
Isotonic Solution
* The concentration of solutes & water in the solution equals the concentration of solutes and water inside the cell * Red blood cells are an example * No net movement (Already reached equilibrium)
48
Hypotonic Solution
1. The concentration of solutes is lower in the solution than inside the cell 2. Water will move INTO the cell 3. Gain water too quickly 4. May have structures to prevent cytolysis - Cell Wall - Contractile Vacuole
49
Cytolysis
The bursting of a cell due to internal water pressure
50
Hypertonic Solution
1. The ratio of solutes to water is HIGHER in the solution than inside of the cell 2. More water and less solutes inside of the cell 3. Water will move out of the cell 4. Lose water too quickly 5. Usually have difficulty dealing with this type of environment
51
Plasmolysis
The collapse of a cell due to loss of water
52
Temperature
* Optimal point * Optimal Range * Range of Tolerance * Limit of Tolerance
53
Transport of Substances into Cells
The cell membrane is semipermeable or selectively permeable
54
Passive Transport
* Movement of molecules **with** the concentration gradient * Does **NOT REQUIRE ENERGY** * Example: Osmosis/Diffusion * Facilited Diffusion * High to low
55
Factors affecting transport
* Concentration * Size & Weight * Shape * Charge * Fat-solubility * Composition of the membrane
56
Active Transport
* Movement of molecules **AGAINST** the concentration gradient * **Requires energy** * Low to high concentation
57
Endocytosis
* Transport of bulk substances into cells * Two types - Phagocytosis = Solids - Pinocytosis = Fluids
58
Exocytosis
* Vacuoles fuse with the cell membrane to release contents outside the cell * Accomplishes secretion, excretion, or egestion
59
Facilitated Diffusion
* Type of Passive Transport * Moves WITH the concentration gradient * Regulates what goes in and out of a cell
60
Secretion vs Excretion
Secretion involves the transport of materials from one region to another. Excretion involves the elimination of waste.
61
Plasmolysis vs Cytolysis
Pla**smol**ysis and Cytolysis
62
Locomotion
The organelles' motion.

Biology (8 decks)

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