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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

The body is composed of what 4 elements?

A

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen

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2
Q

Avogadro’s number:

A

6.02 x 10^23

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3
Q

What happens when an atom decays and gives off energy?

A

It becomes a radioactive isotope

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4
Q

Bond created by the sharing of electrons between two atoms:

A

Covalent bonds

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5
Q

Bond created by electrical attraction between ions:

A

Ionic bonds

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6
Q

Positive charged atoms are called:

A

Cations

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7
Q

Negative charged atoms are called:

A

Anions

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8
Q

What happens when ionic lattice interacts with water?

A

Dissociates (separates into ions)

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9
Q

Hypertension is caused by too much _____ in the blood

A

Sodium

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10
Q

Rickets is caused by not enough _______ in the blood

A

Calcium

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11
Q

Arrhythmia is caused by too much or too little ______ in the blood

A

Potassium

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12
Q

Unequal sharing of electrons is called

A

Electronegativity

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13
Q

Bond caused by unequal sharing of electrons

A

Polar covalent bond

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14
Q

Bond caused by equal sharing of electrons

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

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15
Q

An inorganic molecule does contain _______ atoms

A

carbon

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16
Q

A polar molecule has:

A

Positive and negative ends

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17
Q

Covalently bonded hydrogen has a slight positive charge and is attracted to a slightly negative atom nearby. What bond will form?

A

Hydrogen bond

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18
Q

Hydrophilic means:

A

Molecules are water-soluble

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19
Q

Hydrophobic means:

A

Molecules are not water-soluble

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20
Q

Cohesion is

A

The force of attraction by which the molecules of a solid or liquid tend to remain together

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21
Q

Adhesion is

A

The molecular attraction exerted between the surfaces of bodies in contact

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22
Q

Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change an object’s temp by exactly how many degrees C?

A

1ºC

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23
Q

Substances that dissociate in water and release hydrogen ions are: acids or bases?

A

Acids

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24
Q

Substances that either take hydrogen ions or release hydrogen ions are: acids or bases?

A

Bases

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25
When an acid and a base are combined, what is the result of the reaction?
Salt and water
26
For anatomy purposes, pH is a measure of:
Hydrogen ion concentration
27
pH scale ranges from ___ to ___
0 to 14
28
Any solution above 7 on a pH scale is:
Basic
29
Any solution below 7 on a pH scale is:
Acidic
30
True or false: acidic solutions have more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions, and basic solutions have more hydroxide than hydrogen
True
31
Which is more acidic: urine or human blood?
Urine (ph scale 6 on average)
32
Acidosis of the blood is categorized by the pH of blood falling below what number?
7.35 pH
33
Alkalosis of the blood is categorized by the pH of blood rising above what number?
7.45 pH
34
What is the substance (or compound) that prevents large scale changes in pH in the body called?
A buffer
35
Substances that release ions into water are called
Electrolytes
36
Dehydration reaction in cells is used to link ____ to _____
Monomers to polymers
37
What does it mean to reverse a dehydration reaction?
Hydrolysis reaction
38
The four major macromolecules found in the body
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
39
Why is it important to drink liquids with a meal?
Digestion of food macromolecules occurs by hydrolysis, or splitting with water. A constant supply of water is needed for the process to continue.
40
What is a monosaccharide?
A simple sugar
41
What is the chemical formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
42
What do you get when you combine two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction?
Disaccharide
43
Sucrose is a disaccharide made of glucose and ________
fructose
44
Glucose and galactose together forms...
Lactose
45
Macromolecules that contain many units of glucose are called:
polysaccharides
46
The principal storage compounds for sugar in animals are ______ and _______
glycogen and starch
47
Polysaccharides in plant tissue that human enzymes cannot break down:
Cellulose
48
What is the one common characteristic amongst all lipids?
Insoluble in water
49
A fat or oil forms when a glycerol reacts with how many fatty acid molecules?
3 fatty acid molecules
50
Emulsifiers can do what to fats?
Allow them to mix into water
51
Which of these have double bonds between carbon atoms and which has only single covalent bonds: saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids
Double carbon bonds - unsaturated Single covalent bonds - saturated
52
Which lipid acts as a precursor to steroid hormones such as testosterone?
Cholesterol
53
Protein is a macromolecule composed of _______
Amino acids
54
What is considered the sum of all chemical changes within a cell?
Metabolism
55
True or false: enzymes are protein catalysts
True
56
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are caused by what protein?
Prion
57
True or false: TSE-related diseases are easily treatable
False - all TSE-related diseases result in fatalities
58
Two or more reactants combine to form a larger and more complex product. This is a ________ reaction
Synthesis reaction
59
A larger and more complex molecule breaks down into smaller, simpler products. This is called a __________ reaction.
Degradation reaction
60
A reaction contains both degradation and synthesis reactions. This is called a ___________ reaction.
Replacement reaction
61
The sequence of amino acid found in a protein is that protein's _______ structure a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary
a. primary
62
What happens to a protein when it is denatured?
The protein's three dimensional structure is changed
63
Every nucleotide is molecular complex of what three types of subunit molecules?
A phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base
64
What are the two classes of nucleic acids?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
65
Four different bases of DNA:
A: adenine T: thymine G: guanine C: cytosine
66
In RNA, the base uracil replaces the base _______
Thymine
67
What DNA bases pair together in the complementary base pairing?
Thymine - Adenine Guanine - Cytosine
68
When adenosine is modified by the addition of three phosphate groups, it becomes ___
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
69
The breakdown of ATP yields:
Adenosine diphosphate, a phosphate group, and energy

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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