Chapter 2 Chemistry Part 1 & 2 Flashcards by bella marie

anything that takes up space, has mass, made up of atoms

Matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the smallest subunit of matter

Atom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the subatomic particles of atoms

Proton ( + charge)
Neutron ( no charge, neutral)
Electron ( - charge)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in the nucleus of atom ,positive charge, 1 mass unit

Proton (+positive)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in the nucleus, neutral, 1 mass unit

Neutron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

moves around electron cloud, negative charge, low mass

Electron (-negative)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*most basic chemicals
*pure substances that contain only one type of atom
*determined by the atomic number of atoms

Elements

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

different versions of an element based on its mass number

Isotopes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mass number is equal to
MN=??

MN= number of Protons + number of Neutrons
MN=P+N

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

it determine the reactivity of an element in the electron cloud

Electrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

energy levels that each hold a max number of electrons

electron shells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

outermost shell is, electrons in it determines bonding

Valence shell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sharing, gaining and losing of electrons in the valence shell

chemical bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

major types of chemical bonds?

ionic bonds
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

attraction between cations and anions or
bonds between two ions or charged atoms

ionic bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

positively charged electron DONOR
-LOSES

caTion (Donor) +
LOSES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

negatively charged electron ACCEPTOR
-GAINS

Anion (Acceptor) -GAINS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

strong electron bonds involving SHARED/ SHARING pair of electrons between atoms

Covalent bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

WEAK bonds based on the partial electrical attractions (slightly positive, slightly negative) between polar molecules

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

two or more atoms joined by strong bonds

Molecule

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

two or more atoms of different ELEMENTS joined by strong or weak bonds

Compounds ( madaming element) ex. H2O hydrogen and Oxygen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sharing one pair of electrons

Single covalent bond

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sharing of two pairs of electrons

Double covalent bond

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sharing three pairs of electrons

Triple covalent bond

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 types of covalent(SHARING) bond

1. Non polar Covalent bond 2. Polar covalent bond

EQUAL SHARING of electrons

Non Polar Covalent bond

UNEQUAL SHARING of electrons

Polar Covalent bond

hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules causes??

Surface tension

new bonds are FORMED and or existing bonds are BROKEN

Chemical reaction

materials going INTO reaction

Reactants

materials going OUT of a reaction

Products

all of the reactions that are OCCURING AT ONE TIME includes Catabolism and Anabolism

Metabolism

reactions in which complex molecules are BROKEN down into SIMPLER UNITS

Catabolism or (Decomposition Reaction) BREAKS chemical bonds AB= A+B

reactions in which simple substances are COMBINED to make more COMPLEX molecules

Anabolism (Synthesis Reaction) FORMS chemical bonds A+B=AB DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

condensation reaction

Dehydration Reaction

involves decomposition first, then synthesis

Exchange Reaction AB + CD= AD = CB

protein CATALYSTS that lower the activation of energy reactions -USED TO SPEED UP PROCESS!!!!

Enzymes

the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

Activation Energy

give example enzymes of the body

CAT-PEPE Carbonic Anhydrase Amylase Trypsin Pepsin Peptidase

the SUBSTANCE the enzyme acts on is the

Substrate

a uniform mixture of two or more substances

Solution

medium in which atoms, ions, or molecules are dissolved/dispersed

Solvent

the dispersed substances

Solute

a heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances in which particles settle if undisturbed

Suspension

amount of solute in a solvent

Concentration

Water’s ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution/suspension (Aqueous Solution)

Solubility

Most body chemistry occurs in water

Reactivity

Water’s ability to absorb and retain heat

High Heat Capacity

To moisten and reduce friction

Lubrication

polar water molecules form__ around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution

hydration spheres

are inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution( must disassociate in solution)

Electrolytes

*interacts with water *includes ions and polar molecules

Hydrophilic hydro= water philos=loving

*does not interact with water *includes non polar molecules, fats, and oils

Hydrophobic phobos= fear

the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, goes from 0-14

*a balance of H+ and OH- *pure water= 7.0

Neutral PH

*PH lower than 7.0 *high H+ concentration *Low OH- concentration

Acidic PH

*PH higher than 7.0 *Low H+ concentration *High OH- concetration

Basic or Alkaline PH

PH of human Blood ranges from 7.35-7.45

has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration

PH scale

stabilize PH in the body

Buffers

Basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt

Antacids

Molecules not based on Carbon and hydrogen ex. carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, bases, salts

Inorganic Compounds

Molecules based on Carbon and Hydrogen ex. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Organic Compounds

-contain H.C and usually O -covalenty bonded -have carbon backbone

Organic Molecules

-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 -includes sugars and starches used as an ENERGY SOURCE

Carbohydrates

Classification of Carbohydrates

-Monosaccharide (simple sugar) -Disaccharide (2 sugars) -Polysaccharide (many sugars)

SIMPLE sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Monosaccharide ex. glucose, fructose, galactose

TWO simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis

Disaccharides ex. sucrose, maltose

MANY monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis

Polysaccharides ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose

-Mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes -Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms, 1:2 Ratio -Structural components of cells, Energy reserves, hormones

Lipids ex. * Fatty acids * Glycerides * Steroids * Phospholipids

-Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end - Are relatively nonpolar, except the carboxyl group -Very limited solubility

Fatty Acids

Fatty acids may be?? 2 kinds - (no double bonds): animal fats -(one or more double bonds): plant fats

* Saturated with hydrogen (no double bonds): animal fats * Unsaturated (one or more double bonds): plant fats

-Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule -Triglycerides have three fatty-acid tails -Have three important functions 1. Energy source 2. Insulation 3. Protection

Glycerides

3 important functions of glycerides

1. Energy source 2. Insulation 3. Protection

Four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups

Steroids Types of steroids: * Cholesterol- Component of plasma (cell) membranes * Estrogens and testosterone -Sex hormones * Corticosteroids and calcitriol -Hormones (Metabolic regulation and blood composition)

-Diglycerides attached to a phosphate group and a non-lipid group (phospholipid) -Have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails -Are structural lipids, components of plasma (cell) membranes

Phospholipids