Chapter 2 Chemistry Review

Question 1

Enzyme

Answer 1

Promotes the acceleration of chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy required

Question 2

Glycoproteins

Answer 2

large proteins containing an oligosaccharide chains

Question 3

Primary protein structure

Answer 3

Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 4

coenzyme

Answer 4

a non-protein organic component mostly derived from vitamins

Question 5

Proteoglycans

Answer 5

greatly glycosylated proteins consisting of a central protein covalently attached to glycosaminoglycan chains

Question 6

Ligase

Answer 6

its function is to link or attach two large molecules together through the catalytic process

Question 7

Secondary protein structure

Answer 7

the folded structure that comes in two common types, an alpha helix, and a beta-pleated sheet

Question 8

hydrolase

Answer 8

enzymatic class that uses water to cleave a chemical bond

Question 9

noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 9

binds the enzyme’s allosteric site changing the shape of the active site and the enzyme as well

Question 10

tertiary protein

Answer 10

3d shape based on interacting R groups (involving hydrogen, ionic, and disulfide bonds) of the amino acids from forming the protein structure

Question 11

Isomerase

Answer 11

Enzyme class that transforms one isomeric molecule to another.

Question 12

Metabolic Pathway

Answer 12

Described as a series of chemical reactions in which an original enzyme manufactures a final product that will engage with the next enzyme.

Question 13

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 13

The inhibitor, resembling the substrate, will bind the enzyme’s active site, ultimately blocking the active from the true substrate.

Question 14

Nucleotides

Answer 14

The building blocks of nucleic acids are made of nitrogenous base, a ribose carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 15

Nuclei acids

Answer 15

DNA and RNA

Question 16

non-polar bond

Answer 16

involve an equal sharing of electrons among atoms making it. very strong bond.

Question 17

ionic bond

Answer 17

the attraction between positive cations (ions with a positive charge) and negative anions (ions with a negative charge)

Question 18

Hydrogen bond

Answer 18

the attraction between the hydrogen’s electron and the oxygen valence shell electrons

Question 19

Polar covalent bond

Answer 19

an unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms

Question 20

Elements

Answer 20

Atoms with a variety of atomic numbers can be classified or grouped.

Question 21

Ion

Answer 21

An atom or molecule where the total number of electrons will not be equal to the total number of protons, providing it with a net positive or negative electrical charge

Question 22

Neutrons

Answer 22

Have no charge and their weight is similar to protons.

Question 23

compound

Answer 23

a chemical substance made up of two or more atoms from at least 2 different elements regardless of the type of bond joining them.

Question 24

Isotopes

Answer 24

atoms whose nuclei have the same number of protons, BUT different numbers of neutrons

Question 25

Electrons

Answer 25

It has a negative charge and approximately a weight of 1/1836th of a Dalton

Question 26

Molecular weight

Answer 26

the sum of the atomic weights of the component atoms.

Question 27

Protons

Answer 27

Has a positive charge and a weight of approximately 1 Dalton

Question 28

Atom

Answer 28

The smallest particle that adds to the chemical properties of an element

Question 29

Octet rule

Answer 29

Ending with eight (no need to lose, share, or gain) electrons, therefore, with a stable valence shell.

Question 30

Atomic weight

Answer 30

The total weight of an atom (electrons, protons, and neutrons)

Question 31

Electronic shell

Answer 31

contains outer and inner layers, the valence shell being the outermost

Question 32

atomic number

Answer 32

The number of protons in an atom

Question 33

Mole

Answer 33

used to measure physical quantity (basically just a number)

Question 34

inert elements

Answer 34

these elements do not readily participate in chemical processes due to their full valence shell

Question 35

Mass number

Answer 35

the total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus.

Question 36

Molecule

Answer 36

a chemical structure lacking electrical charge able to bond together consisting of at least 2 or more atoms, held together by a covalent bond.

Question 37

chemical notations

Answer 37

the shorthand describes information about a chemical compound's elemental proportions using symbols.

Question 38

Salt

Answer 38

an electrolyte whose cation is not hydrogen (h+) nor its anion a hydroxide (OH-)

Question 39

Metabolism

Answer 39

the sum of all the reactions (physical as well as chemical)

Question 40

Metabolite

Answer 40

either organic or inorganic include all molecules that through chemical reactions within our bodies synthesized and catabolized.

Question 41

Electrolyte

Answer 41

soluble inorganic molecules whose ions produce an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a water medium

Question 42

Potential energy

Answer 42

stored energy resulting from accomplishing work

Question 43

Solution

Answer 43

a uniform mixture of two or more substances

Question 44

Hydrophilic

Answer 44

water lovers

Question 45

Energy

Answer 45

the capacity or ability to perform work

Question 46

hydrophobic

Answer 46

water hater

Question 47

Emulsion

Answer 47

a liquid not soluble in another

Question 48

pH

Answer 48

a negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter.

Question 49

kinetic energy

Answer 49

energy a body possesses based on its motion

Question 50

acidic

Answer 50

a substance has a lower pH (less than 7)

Question 51

osmolarity

Answer 51

number of particles or solutes per liter of solution.

Question 52

Nutrients

Answer 52

essential chemicals compounds obtained from our diet

Question 53

alkaline

Answer 53

substance has a higher pH (greater than 7)

Question 54

Osmolarity

Answer 54

Number of particles per kg of solvent

Question 55

phospholipids

Answer 55

class of structural lipids forming a lipid bilayer and an important component of the cell membrane

Question 56

anabolic steroids

Answer 56

a class of steroids that interact with androgen receptors to increase muscle mass and bone synthesis

Question 57

polyunsaturated

Answer 57

contains multiple double bonds

Question 58

glycerides

Answer 58

easters formed from a glycerol backbone and fatty acids

Question 59

triglycerides

Answer 59

formed from a glycerol and three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol by a dehydration synthesis process

Question 60

cholesterol

Answer 60

type of structural steroid and a critical component of cell membranes keeping its fluidity and integrity

Question 61

carbohydrate

Answer 61

an organic compound containing: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio

Question 62

monounsaturated

Answer 62

contains only 1 double covalent bond see figure in a cis or trans configuration

Question 63

amino acids

Answer 63

compounds containing a specific R group to each amino acid attached by an amino group and a carboxylic group

Question 64

Isomer

Answer 64

compounds having the same molecular formula, but different structures or arrangements of atoms

Question 65

testosterone

Answer 65

main male sex hormone promoting secondary sexual characteristics and development of male reproductive tissue

Question 66

corticosteroids

Answer 66

includes: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Question 67

Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

Answer 67

Substances derived from arachidonic acid

Question 68

Saturated

Answer 68

Fatty acids contain only single bonds

Question 69

progesterone

Answer 69

directly involved with pregnancy and menstrual period and an important metabolic intermediate in the production of sex hormones and corticosteroids

Question 70

glycolipids

Answer 70

lipids with an attached carbohydrate through a glycosidic bond

Question 71

Peptide bonds

Answer 71

a process creating a covalent bond between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amine group of another, linking them together.