Chapter 2 CHEST Flashcards
(68 cards)
0
Q
What are the sections if the chest
A
Bony thorax, respiratory system, and mediastinum
1
Q
How many sections is chest/thorax divided into
A
3 sections
3
Q
Parts of the sternum
A
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
3
Q
Two good positioning landmarks in the chest are
A
Vertebra prominens and jugular notch
4
Q
Parts of the Skeletal framework that make up the bony thorax
A
- Sternum
- 2 clavicles
- 2 scapulae
- 12 pairs if ribs
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
5
Q
parts of the thoracic viscera
A
mediastinum and lungs
6
Q
parts of the mediastinum
A
thymus gland, heart and great vessels, trachea and esophagus
7
Q
4 divisions of the respiratory system
A
larynx, trachea bronchi and lungs
8
Q
the cartilaginous flap that covers the larynx and trachea during the act of swallowing
A
epiglottis
9
Q
forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx
A
cricoid cartilage
10
Q
prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage
A
laryngeal prominence
11
Q
located at T4
A
sternal angle
12
Q
located between C3 and C6
A
Larynx
13
Q
location of the esophagus compared to the trachea
A
posterior. it lies behind it
14
Q
two parts of the bony thorax
A
skeletal (framework), thoracic viscera
15
Q
exchange of gaseous substances between the air we breathe and the bloodstream
A
respiration
16
Q
a passageway for both food and air.
A
pharynx
17
Q
parts of the pharynx
A
oropharynx, nasopharynx,laryngopharynx
18
Q
mouth to uvula
A
oropharynx
19
Q
nose to epiglottis
A
nasopharynx
20
Q
lies above and posterior to the larynx
A
laryngopharynx
21
Q
makes up the roof of the mouth
A
the hard plate, soft plate, and uvula
22
Q
also known as the windpipe
A
trachea
23
Q
located from C6-T4
A
trachea
24
a fibrous muscular tube with about 20 c-shaped rings embedded in the walls. the rings keep the tube from collapsing during inspiration
trachea
25
located near the trachea, within the mediastinum, but not part of the respiratory system
thyroid, parathyroid and thymus
26
gland that releases hormones for regulation of body metabolism, body growth, development and activity of the nervous system
thyroid gland
27
something on the x-ray that shouldn't be there
artifact
28
located inferiorly to the thyroid gland. part of the mediastinum. prominent in childhood but disappears as an adult. max size at puberty. aids in the functioning of certain body immune systems
thymus gland
29
the prominence of the lowest tracheal cartilage where it divides into the left and right bronchi
carina
30
number of sections of the right bronchi
3
31
number of sections of the left bronchi
2
32
at the level of the alveoli, what happens?
O2 and CO2 are exchanged
33
what happens to the alveoli when emphysema is present?
they are distended. (spread out)
34
What should you do to adjust your radiograph when emphysema is present?
reduce the technique
35
a condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended. It is
characterized by an increase in the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles.
The primary symptom is dyspnea. As the disease progresses, there is
hyperinflation of the lungs which appears radiographically as a depressed
(flattened) diaphragm, abnormally radiolucent lungs and an increased
retrosternal air space (barrel-shaped chest). Requires a decrease in exposure
factors from the “norm”.
emphysema
36
a group of disorders that
cause chronic airway obstruction. The most common forms of it are chronic
bronchitis and emphysema. Requires a decrease in exposure factors from the
“norm”.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
37
an inflammation of the pleura. Pain is usually distributed to one side
or the other and along the intercostal nerve roots. Chest radiographs do not
generally demonstrate pleurisy but are helpful in confirming the presence of
pleural fluid associated with the disease. No change in exposure factors
necessary.
Pleurisy
38
results when excess fluid collects in the pleural cavity.
| Requires an increase in exposure factors from the “norm”.
Pleural Effusion
39
a pleural effusion containing blood.
Hemothorax
40
Occurs when free air is trapped in the pleural space and
compresses the lung tissue. Common causes include penetrating chest trauma
or a spontaneous blowout of a bleb (a flaccid vesicle like a blister).
Radiographically, it appears as a strip of radiolucency devoid of vascular lung
markings. Best demonstrated by doing both an inspiration and expiration PA
chest.
Pneumothorax
41
a condition in which collapse of all or a portion of a lung occurs as
a result of an obstruction of the bronchus or a puncture of an air passageway.
The region affected appears more dense and usually requires an increase in
exposure factors from the “norm”.
atelectasis
42
occurs when the heart is unable to propel
blood at a sufficient rate and volume which results in congestion of the
subcirculatory systems and does not allow a sufficient supply of blood to reach the tissues of the body. Most commonly caused by hypertension but may result
from other disease processes that overburden the heart. Requires an increase
in exposure factors.
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
43
As plaque accumulates in the coronary
arteries, blood supply to the heart muscle is decreased, resulting in ischemia
and myocardial damage. Angiography plays a major role in the diagnosis of
occluded heart vessels.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
44
stroke - atherosclerotic disease affecting the
blood supply to the brain results in a CVA. Three causes for this include brain
hemorrhage, infarction caused by thrombosis of a cerebral artery, or embolism
to the brain from a thrombus elsewhere in the body.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
45
a localized ballooning or out-pouching of a vessel wall as a result of
weakening due to atherosclerotic disease, trauma, infection or congenital
defects.
Aneurysm
46
an inflammation of the lungs resulting in accumulation of fluid.
Generally requires some increase in exposure factors.
Pneumonia
47
2 clinical indications for ordering a chest x-ray
Dyspnea-short of breath
| Hemoptysis-coughing up blood
48
5% of the population-thorax is broad,shallow vertical dimension. almost always taken with the IR crosswise
Hypersthenic
49
50% of the population- More average body type. Use your knowledge on this. could be cross or length IR
Sthenic
50
35% of population-A nearer average, but can be done lengthwise with careful measuring so the angles are not cut off the IR
Hyposthenic
51
10% of population-thorax is narrow, vertically it is very long, lengthwise IR should be used
Asthenic
52
Almost 95% of women can be xray'd with the IR in what position. Even the large body habitus.
Lengthwise
53
xray done on expiration to rule out
pneumothorax
54
location of heart and great vessels
T5-T8
55
double walled sac that contains the hear
pericardial sac
56
heart is located on what side of the body
left
57
the great vessels consist of what
inferior and superior vena cava, aorta, large pulmonary arteries and veins
58
a vein that returns blood to the heart from the upper half of the body
superior vena cava
59
a vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower half of the body
inferior vena cava
60
largest artery in the body
aorta
61
carries blood to all parts of the body by its branches.(3)
aorta
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3 branches of the aorta
ascending, arch, descending
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supply and return blood to and from all segments of the lungs
pulmonary arteries and veins
64
located anterior to the descending aorta until it passes througth the diaphragm
trachea and esophogus
65
how do you pick out the right hemidiaphragm from the left on a lateral chest xray
because the liver is on the right side of the body and sits up high in the abdomen. This pushes the right side higher than the left which is visible on a lat. x ray
66
Why is a CXR primarily done?
to see the lungs
67
the base of the lungs rests on what?
the diaphragm
