Chapter 6 Lower Limb

Question 1

divisions of the distal lower limb

Answer 1

foot, leg and distal femur

Question 2

how many bones in one foot?

Answer 2

26

Question 3

most distal bones of the foot

Answer 3

phalanges

Question 4

number of phalanges on one foot

Answer 4

14 (toes, or digits)

Question 5

number of metatarsals on one foot

Answer 5

5

Question 6

number of tarsals on one foot

Answer 6

7

Question 7

the large toe, or first digit has how many phalanges?

Answer 7

2, the proximal phalanx and distal phalanx

Question 8

the phalanges of the foot are _____than the phalanges of the hand and their movements are ____

Answer 8

smaller; more limited

Question 9

also known as the os calsis, is commonly known as the heel.

Answer 9

Calcaneus

Question 10

articulates anteriorly with the cuboid and superiorly with the talus.

Answer 10

Calcaneus

Question 11

largest talus bone

Answer 11

Calcaneus

Question 12

2nd largest tarsal bone located between the lower leg and the calcaneus

Answer 12

talus

Question 13

located on the medial side of the foot, between the talus and the three cuniforms

Answer 13

navicular

Question 14

medial, intermediate, and lateral

Answer 14

cuniforms

Question 15

how many cuniforms are there?

Answer 15

3

Question 16

located on the lateral aspect of the foot

Answer 16

cuboid

Question 17

the result of repeated stresses to a bone that would be injured by isolated forces of the same manginutde. Regardless of location, the activities resulting in stress fx. are usually strenuous, often new or different, and repeated with frequency before producing pain. It is first visualized 10-2- days after the onset of symptoms. Radionuclide bone scans can demonstrate a stress fx. before it can be detected on plain. radiographs.

Answer 17

Stress (fatigue/march) Fracture

Question 18

fx. which extends along the length of the bone

Answer 18

linear/longitudinal fracture

Question 19

involves both malleoli (of tibia and fibula) with dislocation of the ankle joint

Answer 19

Pott’s Fracture

Question 20

a transverse fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal-one of the most frequent injuries of the foot-an avulsion injury that results from plantar flexion and inversion of the foot as in stepping off a curb.

Answer 20

Jones’s Fracture

Question 21

the tibial tuberosity is separated from the shaft of the tibia- visualized on the lateral projection of the knee

Answer 21

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Question 22

primary malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow in children and young adults-seen as a large portion of bone destruction in the central portion of the shaft of a long bone

Answer 22

Ewings Sarcoma

Question 23

generally occurs in the ends of long bones(especially the knee) pulmonary metastases develop early-appears as a sunburst pattern with bony spicules extending outward in a radiating fashion

Answer 23

Osteogenic Sarcoma

Question 24

benign projection of bone with a cartilagenous cap (especially the knee) the long axix of the tumor is parallel to the parent bone

Answer 24

Osteochondroma

Question 25

insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton-appears radiographically as a loss of bone density-bones may bend or give way upon weight bearing. less technique needed for these cases

Answer 25

Osteomalacia

Question 26

infant/childhood equivalent of osteomalacia rheumatoid arthritis-chronic systemic disease-noninfectious inflammatory arthritis of the hand and foot joints osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease/DJD) loss of joint cartiledge and reactive new bone formation-predominantly affects weight bearing joints and interphalangeal joints of the fingers-part of the wear and tear of the aging process. Less technique needed for these cases

Answer 26

Rickets

Question 27

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by infectious organisms that reach the bone

Answer 27

osteomyelitis

Question 28

chronic systemic disease – Non-infectious inflammatory arthritis of the hand and foot joint. Less technique needed for these cases

Answer 28

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 29

loss of joint cartiledge and reactive new bone formation – predominantly affects weight-bearing joints and interphalangeal joints of the fingers – part of the wear and tear of the aging process. Less techniqeu needed for these cases

Answer 29

Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease / DJD)

Question 30

fx. of the medial & lateral malleoli and the posterior tip of the distal tibia

Answer 30

Tri-Malleolar Fracture

Question 31

Toes- also called by

Answer 31

phalanges or digits

Question 32

Large toe only has ________ phalanx.

Answer 32

two

Question 33

5 bones of the insteps

Answer 33

metatarsals

Question 34

Large toe is numbered _____ digit, all the way to the pinky, which is the_____ .

Answer 34

1st: 5th

Question 35

Most distal aspect of the metatarsal is the___ , followed by the ___, then most proximal is the ___

Answer 35

head;body;base

Question 36

A single ___________ at the base of the 5th metatarsal, where often times there are fractures.

Answer 36

tuberosity

Question 37

7 of these in the foot

Answer 37

tarsals

Question 38

also known as the os calsis, is commonly known as the heel. Articulates anteriorly with the _________, and superiorly with the talus. Largest tarsal bone

Answer 38

Calcaneus;cuboid

Question 39

2nd largest tarsal bone located | between the lower leg and the calcaneus.

Answer 39

talus

Question 40

located on the medial side of the foot, between the talus and the___________ cuniforms

Answer 40

Navicular;three

Question 41

(3 of them) – medial, | intermediate, and lateral.

Answer 41

cuniforms

Question 42

Located on the lateral aspect | of the foot.

Answer 42

cuboid

Question 43

Ankle joint – formed by ____________________

Answer 43

3 bones- tibia, fibula and talus

Question 44

Tibia – the medial _______________ is an elongated process of the tibia which extends down alongside the ____________ talus.

Answer 44

malleolus;medial

Question 45

the lateral malleolus is actually the distal | end of the fibula

Answer 45

fibula

Question 46

part of the foot that makes up the ankle | joint.

Answer 46

talus

Question 47

a 3 sided opening of the ankle joint. Always pull the foot back towards the head to try to visualize this better on an AP projection.

Answer 47

ankle mortise

Question 48

Tibia – made up of

Answer 48

proximal extremity, distal | extremity, and the central body.

Question 49

________________eminence on the superior surface of the tibial head. This eminence is divided into 2 parts, the __________________________ intercondylar tubercles.

Answer 49

intercondyloid;medial and lateral

Question 50

the proximal extremity has 2 ___called the tibial plateau which articulates with the femur. The plateau slopes posteriorly about ______

Answer 50

articular facets;10-20 | degrees.

Question 51

_________________ located on the anterior portion of the proximal extremity, but distal to the condyles.

Answer 51

tibial tuberosity

Question 52

the long shaft of the tibia. Has a ridge along it , which is very sharp. This ridge is called the crest and is often referred to as the shin

Answer 52

Body

Question 53

located lateral and _________________ to | the tibia

Answer 53

Fibula

Question 54

the longest bone in the body

Answer 54

Femur

Question 55

_____________– largest _____________ bone in the body. Is located above the actual knee joint. Triangle shaped

Answer 55

patella;sesamoid

Question 56

Intercondylar fossa –fossa separated by the | ___________________

Answer 56

condyles

Question 57

on the femur, the Medial condyle (extends more distally) | and lateral condyle articulate with the

Answer 57

tibia.

Question 58

Generally the angle of the femur is _____________on a woman than a man due to the broadness of the hips and the fact that women are usually shorter.

Answer 58

greater

Question 59

_____________________ is a raised area that receives a tendon on the medial side the femur above the condyle

Answer 59

adductor tubercle

Question 60

``` Medial and lateral epicondyles are the rough___________________ on the outermost tips of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur ```

Answer 60

prominences

Question 61

Patellar surface is the surface of the femur located directly ________________ to the patella. It is also known as the _________________________ as well as the intercondylar surface.

Answer 61

posterior;trochlear

Question 62

handling technique for Sm. To med. | Plaster cast

Answer 62

Increase mAs 50- | 60%, or 5-7 kVp

Question 63

handling technique for Lge. Plaster cast

Answer 63

Increase mAs 100%, | or 8-10 kVP

Question 64

handling technique for Fiberglass cast

Answer 64

Increase mAs 25-30 | %, or 3-4 kVp

Question 65

is the bottom of the foot, also known as the posterior.

Answer 65

Plantar surface

Question 66

is the top of the foot, also known as the anterior.

Answer 66

Dorsum surface

Question 67

brings the toes back towards the head

Answer 67

dorsum flexion

Question 68

points the toes downwards.

Answer 68

plantar flexion

Question 69

(varus)– rolled the ankle inward

Answer 69

inversion

Question 70

(valgus) – rolled the ankle outward

Answer 70

eversion