CHAPTER 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

Question 1

prosopagnosia is… and is also called?

Answer 1

problem in seeing the differences between faces and having trouble remembering faces. also called face blindness

Question 2

descartes is associated with..? and what is its definition?

Answer 2

dualism: The idea, that there is a distinction between the physical world, where the brain resides, and a nonphysical world, where the mind and soul reside.

Question 3

modern psychologists believe in..?

Answer 3

materialism: the mind is entirely a product of the brain

Question 4

what is cognitive neuroscience…?

Answer 4

is the interdisciplinary study of the neural mechanisms of cognition and behavior.

• Focuses on role of brain mechanisms
• Many clinical problems and behavioral disorders are linked to brain disorders

Question 5

functional specialization is..?

Answer 5

The principle that different brain areas serve different perceptual and cognitive skills.

Question 6

how. do neurons receive input…?

Answer 6

via dendrites

Question 7

how dp neurons make decisions

Answer 7

through molecular interactions in the cell body or soma

Question 8

how do neurons send info?

Answer 8

via axons!

Question 9

what happens when a neurons receives a signal that is above the threshold..?

Answer 9

dendrites and soma will generate an action potential

Question 10

action potentials cause the release of what chemicals?

Answer 10

neurotransmitters :D

Question 11

synapses are p…?

Answer 11

plastic! which means their strength can change with learning and experience

Question 12

what function do glial cells give to the neuron…?

Answer 12

they give structural and funcional support for neurons

Question 13

sensory receptors do what..?

Answer 13

send environments info to the brains sensory neurons.

Question 14

motor neurons do what…?

Answer 14

control motor output for speech or action.

Question 15

how many hemispheres in the brain divided into..?

Answer 15

2 the left and right hemisphere

Question 16

which hemisphere controls what side of the body?

Answer 16

sensory and motor information for the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere processes the left side of the body.

Question 17

what tends to be stronger in the left hemisphere?

Answer 17

language function

Question 18

what tends to be stronger in the right hemisphere?

Answer 18

visiospatial tasks are more concentrated in the right hemisphere.

Question 19

what connects the hemispheres?

Answer 19

the corpus callosum, which is a massive bundle of axons.

Question 20

the outer layer of the hemispheres is called the…?

Answer 20

cerebral cortex

Question 21

a groove ( kind of inner groove in the brain) is called

Answer 21

sulcus

Question 22

a bump on the outer part of the brain is called

Answer 22

gyrus

Question 23

how many lobes are there in the brain and what are their names?

Answer 23

4, occipital, temporal, frontal and parietal

Question 24

the occipital lobe controls..?

Answer 24

visual perception

Question 25

the temporal lobe controls...?

Answer 25

complex percpetion, memory and language

Question 26

the frontal lobe controls...?

Answer 26

thinking, planning, and decisions making.

Question 27

the parietal lobe controls..?

Answer 27

visuospatial functions

Question 28

spatial resolution entails

Answer 28

being able to pinpoint WHERE neural activity occurs

Question 29

temporal resolution entails..?

Answer 29

ability to pinpoint WHEN neural activity occurs

Question 30

invasivness entails

Answer 30

the AMOUNT of impact a method has on an individuals brain

Question 31

the discoveries of these 2 areas supported materialism over dualism

Answer 31

brocas area, and werickes area

Question 32

brocas area is..?

Answer 32

left frontal lobe, controls the motor aspect of language

Question 33

wernickes area

Answer 33

left temporal lobe controls the understanding on language

Question 34

what is electrophysiology?

Answer 34

the study of direct electrical activity of neurons measured by inserted electrodes

Question 35

what is Electrocorticography (ECoG)

Answer 35

are intercranial recordings, used to localize seizure activity. Guides surgery to remove minimal amount of brain tissue. think of open brain picture . kind of invasive

Question 36

EEG or Electroencephalography

Answer 36

- less invasive recording of neural activity using scalp electrodes - aggravate activity of millions to billions of neurons - limited spatial resolution - high temporal resolution - can look at different states of consciousness and sleep - can see large oscillating waves in epileptics.

Question 37

FmRI or Funtional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Answer 37

Provides detailed views of internal structures and noninvasive measures of brain activity. scans brain and provides picture.

Question 38

FMRI subtraction method

Answer 38

allows for comparison of the patterns of the brain activity for two categories or stimuli.

Question 39

Blood oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD)

Answer 39

signal increases with increased brain activity.- Neurons use more oxygen when active. - The BOLD signal can be plotted on the structural image to show where brain activity is changing. - Helps clinicians predict deficits with damage. - Identifies regions of interest (ROIs) for future testing.

Question 40

reverse inference

Answer 40

Inferring what someone is thinking or feeling by observing brain activity.

Question 41

what is Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 41

- Temporarily disrupt brain activity using focal magnetic pulses targeted over different areas of the scalp - Help determine if a brain region is needed for a function - Noninvasive - think of someone using a scope or tool directly (hovering) above someones head

Question 42

What is Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

Answer 42

is a portable, wearable brain stimulation technique that delivers a low electric current to the scalp. - Increases or decreases the likelihood of neuronal firing - Evidence for increasing motor learning and working memory

Question 43

Genotype

Answer 43

entire set of genes an individual carries

Question 44

phenotype

Answer 44

Phenotype refers to an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type. A person's phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors.

Question 45

Behavioral Genetics studies what..?

Answer 45

the field that attempts to link behavior (phenotypes) and genes (genotypes). - Understanding the interaction between genes and environment is crucial for isolating genetic influences

Question 46

epigenetics

Answer 46

The study of external factors that affect how genes operate.