Ch.5 Cognitive Control and Working Memory

Question 1

5.1 Cognitive control

Answer 1

ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals

Question 2

5.1 Proactive Control

Answer 2

prepare to exercise control in future

Question 3

5.1 Reactive Control

Answer 3

exercise control in face of current challenge cognitive control uses up our attention

Question 4

5.1 Cognitive Load

Answer 4

the difficulty of a task. Can walk/run while listening to music or a podcast.

Question 5

5.1 Cognitive overlap

Answer 5

how much the demands of the two tasks compete for the same kinds of mental resources

Question 6

5.1 Cognitive interference

Answer 6

is observed when load is high ot when two tasks overlap in the resources required

Question 7

5.1 automatic process

Answer 7

performing a tasks that requires minimal cognitive effort

Question 8

5.1 controlled process

Answer 8

performing a task requires greater cognitive effort

Question 9

5.1 Inhibition

Answer 9

the ability to suppress information, thoughts, or actions that may interfere with ongoing behavior

Question 10

stop-signal task

Answer 10

a task used to measure inhibition

Question 11

5.1 A continuos performance task requires

Answer 11

inhibition

Question 12

what decreases in sustained attention

Answer 12

continuos performance tasks

Question 13

5.1 Conflicting monitoring

Answer 13

when cogntive control processes detect interference

Question 14

5.1 Conflict resolution

Answer 14

When cognitive control processes reduce interference

Question 15

5.1 Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Answer 15

the central conflict monitor in the brain

Question 16

5.1 The ACC is active during which 3 tasks

Answer 16

stroop task
stop-signal task
flanker task

Question 17

5.1 Dorsal prefrontal cortex

Answer 17

Inhibits distracting word inference, thus reducing interference

Question 18

5.1 When cognitive control fails…

Answer 18

the ACC performs error detection

Question 19

5.1 Error detection is also known as the

Answer 19

“oh no” response

Question 20

5.1 prediction error

Answer 20

whenever you do not receive the reaward or outcome you predicted

Question 21

5.1 mental chronometry

Answer 21

studies the timing of perceptual and cognitive processing, based on measurements of reponse time to different stimuli and tasks.

Question 22

5.1 Taks switching cost

Answer 22

speed and accuracy penalty that comes with having to switch tasks

Question 23

5.1 Working memory

Answer 23

what the mind can temporarily store and manipulate for complex cognitive tasks

Question 24

5.1 storage

Answer 24

maintains information when it’s no longer available in perception, a form of internal attention

Question 25

5.1 Manipulation

Answer 25

allows the mind to do operations and transformations of information

Question 26

5.1 storage and manipulation happen in

Answer 26

the workin memory

Question 27

5.2 Central executive

Answer 27

primacy system for controlling attention and thinking with information stored temporarily in two storage buffers

• command center for working memory, ie., inhibition response selection and task switching

Question 28

5.2 Phonological loop

Answer 28

stores and rehearses verbal and acoustic information
-holds sound or speech based information for 1 to 2 seconds

Question 29

5.2 Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 29

stores and manipulates visual information

Question 30

5.2 Episodic buffer

Answer 30

integrates information from multiple sources to form a single episode

Question 31

5.2 Articulatory rehearsal loop

Answer 31

• works though inner speech
• holds 7+ or -2 items
• may be better to define as chunks groupings rather than an individual item

Question 32

5.2 Word length effect

Answer 32

working memory capacity for words or other phonological stimuli depends on the spoken duration or syllable length of the words

Question 33

5.2 Acoustic similarity effect

Answer 33

reduced capacity of working memory for items similar in sound, compared with items that are dissimilr in sound

Question 34

5.2 irrelevant speech effect

Answer 34

impairment of working memory by irrelevant spoken material

Question 35

5.2 visual short term memory

Answer 35

Retains visual information over time, especially when the perceptual image is no longer available or has changed, most commonly whenever you move your eyes.

Question 36

5.3 Yerkes - Dodson curve

Answer 36

shows how performance suffers due to anxiety, especially for difficult tasks that require a high degree of cognitive control.

Stress and anxiety take up working memory capacity that should be devoted to problem solving

Question 37

5.3 Ego Depletion

Answer 37

when ones energy for mental activity is exhausted, impairing cognitive control and other cognitive activities

• ego refers to self and self control

Question 38

5.3 cognitive control causes depletion in

Answer 38

the ego!