Chapter 2 defination

Question 1

what is a way of learning about that world that combines logically constructed theories and systematic observation to provide explanation of how things work

Answer 1

scientific method

Question 2

the process of taking an existing theory and logically deducing that if the theory is accurate

Answer 2

deductive reasoning

Question 3

what are ideas about the world, derived from theories that can be disproved when tested against observation

Answer 3

hypotheses

Question 4

what the process of generalizing to an entire category of phenomena from a particular set of observation

Answer 4

inductive reasoning

Question 5

research that gathers data that can be quantified and offers insight into broad patterns of social behavior and social attitudes

Answer 5

quantitative research

Question 6

research that is characterized by data that cannot be quantified

Answer 6

qualitative research

Question 7

explanations of how and why scientific observation are as they are

Answer 7

scientific theories

Question 8

ideas that describe a number of things that have something in common

Answer 8

concept

Question 9

a definition of a concept that allows the concept be observed and measured

Answer 9

operational definition

Question 10

a concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values

Answer 10

variable

Question 11

factors that can be counted

Answer 11

quantitative variables

Question 12

variables that express qualities and not have numerical value

Answer 12

qualitative variable

Question 13

the degree to which two or more variable are associated with one

Answer 13

correlation

Question 14

a relationship between two variable in which one variable is the cause of the other

Answer 14

casual relationship

Question 15

a correlation between two or more variables that is actually the result of something else that is not being measured, rather than a causal link between the variables themselves

Answer 15

spurious relationship

Question 16

a relation between two variables in which one increases and the other decreases

Answer 16

negative correlation

Question 17

the principle that scientific theory must lead to testable hypotheses that can be disproved if they are wrong

Answer 17

principle of falsification

Question 18

the ability or a theory to be disproved

Answer 18

falsifiability

Question 19

the degree to which concepts and their measurement accurately represent what they claim to represent

Answer 19

validity

Question 20

the extent to which researcher’s findings are consistent with the findings of different studies of the same thing

Answer 20

reliability

Question 21

a characteristic of results that systematically misrepresent the true nature of what is being studied

Answer 21

bias

Question 22

the ability to represent the object if study accurately

Answer 22

objectivity

Question 23

the characteristic of being free of personal beliefs and opinions that would influence the course of research

Answer 23

value neutrality

Question 24

the repetition of a previous study using a different sample or population to verify or refute the original findings

Answer 24

replication

Question 25

specific techniques for systematically gathering data

Answer 25

research methods

Question 26

a research method that uses a questionnaire or interviews administered to a group of people in person, telephone or e-mail to determine their characteristic, opinions and behavior

Answer 26

survey

Question 27

a portion of the larger population selected to represent the whole

Answer 27

sample

Question 28

the whole group of people studied in sociological

Answer 28

population

Question 29

sampling in which everyone in the population of interest has an equal chance of being chosen for the study

Answer 29

random sampling

Question 30

a research method that relies on in depth and often extended study of a group or community

Answer 30

fieldwork

Question 31

a detailed conversation designed to obtain in depth information about a person and is or her activities

Answer 31

interview

Question 32

questions that tend to elicit particular responses

Answer 32

leading questions

Question 33

research techniques for investigating cause and effect under controlled condition

Answer 33

experiments

Question 34

variables that cause change in other variables

Answer 34

independent or experimental variables

Question 35

variables that change as a result of changes in other variables

Answer 35

dependent variables

Question 36

quantitative information obtained from government agencies, businesses, research studies, and other entities that collect data for their own or others use

Answer 36

statistical data

Question 37

the examination of written material or cultural products

Answer 37

document analhysis