Chapter 2: Dermatology Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
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Integumentary System
A
The structures of the integumentary system consist of the skin (and its structures and glands, the nails, and the subcutaneous tissue. This body system covers most of the surface of the body and is the body’s first line of defense against injury and infection.
Functions of the integumentary system include protection, repair, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, thermoregulation, and homeostasis.
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Q
Adipose Tissue
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Fatty tissue that is part of the subcutaneous tissue. It contains lipocytes that store fat as an energy reserve.
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Q
Collagen
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From, white protein fibers in the dermis.
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Q
Cutaneous
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Pertaining to the skin
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Q
Cuticle
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Layer of dead cells that lie along the proximal edge of the nail. The cuticle keeps microorganisms from entering the deeper tissues.
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Q
Dermis
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Layer of skin beneath the epidermis. It contains collagen and elastin fibers. It also contains arteries, veins, and nerves, as well as sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, and hair follicles.
7
Q
Diaphoresis
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The process of sweating. The sweat itself is perspiration. Seat is secreted by the sudoriferous glands. Bacteria on the skin that digest sweat produce its characteristic odor.
8
Q
Elastin
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Yellow elastic fibers in the dermis.
9
Q
Epidermis
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Thin, outermost layer of the skin. The most superficial part or squamous layer of the epidermis consists of dead cells filled with keratin. The deepest part or basal layer contains constantly dividing cells that are moving toward the surface.
10
Q
Epithelium
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Type of tissue that includes the epidermis, as well as mucous membranes that line internal cavities that connect to the outside of the body. Also known as epithelial tissue.
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Q
Exfoliation
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Normal process of the constant shedding of dead cells from the most superficial part of the epidermis.
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Q
Exocrine gland
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Type of gland that secretes substances through a duct. The sebaceous (oil) glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands in the dermis are both exocrine glands.
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Q
Follicle
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Structure in the dermis in which each hair forms.
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Q
Hair
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Structure that grows as a shaft from a follicle in the dermis. Hair cells are filled with keratin.
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Keratin
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Hard, fibrous protein in the outermost cells of the epidermis. Keratin is also in the hair and nails.
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Q
Lipocyte
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Cell in the adipose tissue of the subcutaneous tissue; it stores fat as an energy reserve.
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Q
Lunula
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Whitish half-moon shape that is the visible part of the nail root.
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Q
Melanin
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Dark brown or black pigment that gives color to the skin and hair.
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Melanocytes
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Pigment cell in the epidermis. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the anterior pituitary gland in the brain causes melanocytes to produce melanin.
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Nail bed
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Layer of living tissue beneath the nail plate. It contains nerves and blood vessels. Also known as the quick.
21
Q
Nail Plate
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Hard, translucent protective covering over the distal end of each finger and toe. It is composed of dead cells that contain keratin. Also known as the nail.
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Q
Nail Root
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Located beneath the skin of the finger or toe. It produces cells that form the lunula and nail plate.
23
Q
Piloerection
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Process in which body hairs become erect when the skin is cold.
24
Q
Sebaceous Gland
A
Exocrine gland in the dermis that secretes sebum (oil) through a duct. Sebum coats the hair and moisturizes the skin. Also known as an oil gland.
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Skin
The skin is a major part of the integumentary system. The skin consists of two layers — the epidermis and the dermis.
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Subcutaneous tissue
Tissue layer beneath the dermis. It is composed of connective tissue and adipose tissue.
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Sudoriferous gland
Exocrine gland in the dermis. It secrets sweat through a duct that ends at a pore on the surface of the skin. Also known as a sweat gland.
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Dermatome
Area of the skin that sends sensory information through a nerve to the spinal cord.
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Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)
Infection that occurs in hospitals and other healthcare facilities when caregivers do not wash their hands. Previously known as a nosocomial infection.
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Homeostasis
Balance, equilibrium, and stability of all body systems and functions.
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Normal Skin Flora
Bacteria that live on the skin and inhibit the growth of disease-causing microorganisms.
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Protection of the skin
The integumentary system is the body’s first line of defense and protection against injury and infection.
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Sensation of skin
Sensory receptors in the dermis respond to light touch, pressure, vibration, pain, or temperature. The nervous system is the body’s first line of defense and protection again injury.
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Synthesis of the skin
Process of putting together sunlight and the skin to create vitamin D.
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Thermoregulation of the skin
Actions of the integumentary system to help control body temperature: the subcutaneous layer conserves body heat, the skin creates heat with goosebumps and piloerection, and the sudoriferous glands secrete sweat to evaporate and cool the body.
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Lesion
Any visible damage or variation from normal skin, whether from disease or injury
Treatment: Correct the underlying cause
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Lesion types:
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Cyst
Fissure
Macule
Papule
Pustule
Scale
Vehicle
Wheal
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Lesion: Cyst (Description, Color, Contents, Example)
Description: Elevated Circular Mound
Color: Skin color or erythema
Contents: Semisolid or partly fluid filled
Example: Acne sebaceous cyst
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Lesion: Fissure (Description, Color, Contents, Example)
Description: Small, Cracklike crevice
Color: Erythema
Contents: None; some fluid exudate
Example: Dry, chapped skin
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Lesion: Macule (Description, Color, Contents, Example)
Description: Flat circle
Color: Pigmented brown or black
Contents: none
Example: Freckle, age spot
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Lesion: Papule (Description, Color, Contents, Example)
Description: Elevated
Color: Skin color or erythema
Contents: Solid
Example: Acne Pimple
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Lesion: Pustule (Description, Color, Contents, Example)
Description: Elevated
Color: White Top
Contents: Pus
Example: Acne Whitehead
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Lesion: Scale (Description, Color, Contents, Example)
Description: Flat to slightly elevated, thin flake
Color: White
Contents: None
Example: Dandruff, psoriasis
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Lesion: Vesicle (Description, Color, Contents, Example)
Description: Elevated with pointed top
Color: Erythema with a transparent top
Contents: Clear fluid
Example: Herpes, chickenpox, shingles
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Lesion: Wheal (Description, Color, Contents, Example)
Description: Elevated with broad, flat top
Color: Erythema with a pale top
Contents: Clear fluid
Example: Insect bites, urticaria
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Neoplasm
Any new growth that occurs on the skin. A neoplasm can be benign or malignant.
Treatment: Excision of a benign neoplasm, if necessary.
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Pruritus
Pruritus is caused by the release of histamine as part of an allergic reaction of the skin. Also known as itching.
Treatment: topical or oral antihistamine drug or corticosteroid drug.
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Rash
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Any type of skin lesion that is pink to red, goat or raised, itchy or not itchy.
Certain diseases (chickenpox, measles) have characteristic rashes.
Treatment: Topical or oral antihistamine drug or corticosteroid drug.
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Xeroderma
Excessive dryness of the skin. It is caused by aging, cold weather with low humidity, vitamin A deficiency, or dehydration.
Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
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Albinism
Genetic mutation that causes a lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and iris of the eye. There is a normal number of melanocytes, but they produce insufficient or no melanin
Treatment: None
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Cyanosis
Bluish-purple discoloration of the skin and nails due to a decreased level of oxygen in the blood. It is caused by cardiac or respiratory disease. The patient is said to be cyanotic. In healthy persons, areas of skin exposed to the cold can temporarily exhibit cyanosis.
Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
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Erythema
Reddish discoloration of the skin. It can be confined to a local area of infection or inflammation, or it can affect large areas of the skin, as in sunburn. The area is said to be erythematous.
Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
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Jaundice
Yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as the whites of the eyes. It is associated with liver disease. The patient’s diseased liver cannot process bilirubin, and so unconjugated bilirubin in the blood moves into the tissues and colors the skin yellow. The patient is said to be jaundiced. A patient without any sign of jaundice is said to be anicteric.
Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
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Necrosis
Gray-to-black discoloration of the skin in areas where the tissue has died. Necrotic tissue can develop in a burn, pressure injury, wound, or any tissue with a poor blood supply.
Treatment: Removal of the necrotic tissue or body part.
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Vitiligo
Autoimmune disorder in which melanocytes are slowly destroyed. There are white patches of depigmentation interspersed with areas of normally pigmented skin.
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Abrasion
A sliding or scraping injury that mechanically removes the epidermis. Also known as a brush burn.
Treatment: Apply a protective covering until it is healed.
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Blister
Fluid-filled sac with a thin, transparent covering of epidermal cells. Occurs when a repetitive rubbing injury separates the epidermis from the dermis, releasing tissue fluid and creating a fluid-filled sac.
Treatment: Apply a protective covering before the activity.
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Burns
Heat (fire, hot objects, steam, boiling water), electrical current, chemicals, and radiation or x-rays can create a burn of the epidermis or dermis.
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Superficial Burn
Involves only the epidermis. There is erythema, pain, and swelling, but not blisters. Also known as a first-degree burn.
Treatment: Topical anti-infective drug to prevent infection.
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Partial thickness burn
INvolves the epidermis and the upper part of the dermis. There is erythema, pain, and swelling, but also a blister or a larger bulla that forms as the epidermis detaches from the dermis.
Also known as Second-degree burns
Treatment: second-degree burns that cover a large area require debridement and skin grafting
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Full-thickness Burn
Involves the epidermis, dermis, and sometimes the subcutaneous tissue and muscle layer beneath it. If nerves in the dermis are destroyed, there is local anesthesia with loss of sensation of pain.
Also known as a third degree burn.
Treatment: Third-degree brin’s require debridement and skin grafting.
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Callus
Repetitive rubbing injury that causes the epidermis to gradually thicken into a while, elevated pad. A corn is a callus with a hard central area with a pointed tip that causes pain.
Treatment: Removal
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Cicatrix
Fibrous tissue composed of collagen; it forms as an injury heals. Also known as a scar.
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Excoriation
Superficial injury with a sharp object (such as a fingernail, animal claw, or thorn) That creates a linear scratch on the skin.
Treatment: Topical antibiotic drug to prevent infection.
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Keloid
A very firm abnormally large scar. It grows larger than the original injury because of an overproduction of collagen as the injury heals.
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Laceration
Linear penetrating would. It can have clean-cut or torn, ragged skin edges.
Treatment: Close with suture, or use surgical glue for a small laceration.
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Pressure injury
Epidermis and dermis break down, resulting in a shallow or deep ulcer. This occurs because constant pressure on the skin decreases blood flow to that area. Also known as a pressure ulcer, bedsore, or decubitus ulcer.
Treatment: Frequent reposition; increased protein intake to rebuild tissue; and debridement of any necrotic tissue to promote healing.
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Abscess
Localized, pus-containing pocket under the skin from a bacterial infection. It is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacterium on the skin.
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Furuncle
Localized, elevated abscess around a hair follicle. Also known as a boil.
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Carbuncle
Several furuncles connected by channels through the subcutaneous tissue or to the skin surface.
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Cellulitis
Infection and inflammation that spreads through the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle. Develops from a superficial cut, scratch, insect bite, blister, or splinter that becomes infected.
Treatment: Antibiotic drugs
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Herpes
Infection caused by the herpes virus. There are clusters of vesicles, erythema, edema, and pain. The vesicles rupture, releasing clear fluid that forms crusts.
Treatment: Topical or oral antiviral drug.
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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1
Causes vesicles on the lips. These tend to recur during illness and stress.
AKA: Cold sores or fever blisters
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Herpes simplex virus(HSV) type 2
Is a sexually transmitted disease that cause vesicles in the genital area. These tend to recur during illness and stress.
AKA: Genital Herpes
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Herpes whitlow
Infection at the distal fingernail because of contact with either herpes simplex type 1 or type 2. The virus enters through a small tear in the cuticle.
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Herpes varicella-zoster
Causes the skin rash of chickenpox during childhood. The virus then remains dormant in the nerves until it is activated in later life by illness or stress.
AKA: Shingles
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Tinea
Skiing infection caused by fungus that feeds on epidermal cells. Severe itching and burning with red scaly lesions.
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Verruca
Irregular, rough skin lesion caused by the human papillomavirus.
AKA: wart
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Pediculosis
Infestation of parasitic lice and their eggs in the scalp, hair, eyelashes, or genital hair. Lice are easily transmitted from one person to another by combs or hats.
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Scabies
Infestation of parasitic mites that tunnel under the skin and produce vesicles that are itchy.
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Contact dermatitis
local reaction from contact with a substance that is an allergen or irritant.
Like chemicals
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Urticaria
Local allergic reaction due to food, plants, animals, insect bites, or drugs.
Raised areas of redness and edema that appear suddenly.
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Actinic keratosis
Benign Neoplasm.
| Raised, irregular, rough area of skin is dry and feels like sandpaper.
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Hemangioma
Benign mass of superficial, dilated blood vessels that is present at birth.
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Lipoma
Benign growth of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer. It makes a soft, rounded, fatty elevation in the skin.
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Nexus
Benign skin lesion that is present at birth and has a variety of colors and shapes.
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Papilloma
Soft, flesh-colored growth that protrudes outwardly from the skin as a flap or a polyp on a stalk. Also known as a skin tag.
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Syndactyly
Congenital abnormality in which the skin and soft tissues are joined between the fingers or toes.
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Polydactyly
A congenital abnormality in which there are extra fingers and toes.
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Cancer of the skin
A cancerous lesion or malignancy in areas of the skin that are chronically exposed to ultraviolet light radiation from the sun.
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Basal cell carcinoma
Skin cancer that begins in the basal layer of the epidermis. It appears as a raised, pearly bump.
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Kaposi sarcoma
Cancer of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is an elevated, irregular, dark reddish-blue tumor.
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Malignant melanoma
Skin cancer of the melanocytes in the epidermis. It grows quickly and can spread to other parts of the body.
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Skin cancer that begins in the superficial layer of the epidermis. Appears as a red bump or an ulcer.
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Psoriasis
Autoimmune disorder that produces an excessive number of abnormal epidermal cells. The skin is itchy, red, and covered with silvery scales and plaques on the scalp, elbows, hands, and knees
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Scleroderma
Autoimmune disorder that causes the skin and internal organs to harden over time due to abnormal deposits of collagen.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune disorder in which collagen in the skin and connective tissue deteriorates. There is joint pain, sensitivity to sunlight, and fatigue.
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Acne vulgar is
Chronic skin condition of the face, shoulders, and back during adolescence.
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Rosacea
Chronic skin condition of the face and neck in middle aged patients. The sebaceous glands secrete excessive amounts of sebum.
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Seborrhea
Overproduction of sebum that occurs at a time other than adolescence.
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Anhydrous is
Congenital absence of the sudoriferous glands and inability to sweat and tolerate heat.
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Diaphoresis
Diaphoresis is the normal process of sweating
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Alopecia
Loss of hair from the scalp. Skin diseases such as tinea capitis cna cause hair loss.
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Hirutism
Excessive, dark hair on the forearms and upper lip of a woman.
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Clubbing and cyanosis
Abnormal downward curved and bluish fingernails and stunted growth of the fingers associated with a chronic lack of oxygen in patients with cystic fibrosis
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Onchyomyosis
Fungal infection of the fingernails or toenails
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Allergy skin testing
Skin test in which allergens in. A liquid form are given by intruder alert injections into the skin.
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Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Laboratory test in which a specimen of the exudate from an ulcer, wound, burn, laceration, or skin infection is tested to identify the bacterium present and its sensitivity to specific antibiotic drugs.
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RAST
Blood test that measures the amount of immunoglobulin E (IgE) that is produced when the patients blood is mixed with a specific allergen.
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Skin Scraping
Skin test in which a skin scraping is done with the edge of a scalpel to obtain cells from a skin lesion.
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Tzanck test
Skin test in which a skin scraping is done to obtain fluid from a vesicle.
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Wood lamp or light
Skin test that uses ultraviolet light to highlight areas of abnormal skin.
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Botox injections
Procedure in which the drug Botox is injected into the muscle to release deep wrinkle lines on the face.
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Collagen injection
Procedure in which a liquid that contains collagen is injected into wrinkles or acne scars.
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Cryolipolysis
Procedure that is noninvasive and uses a device that is placed on the skin.
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Cryosurgery
Procedure in which liquid nitrogen is sprayed or painted onto a wart, mole, or other benign lesion or onto a small malignant lesion
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Curettage
Procedure that uses a cure to scrape off a superficial skin lesion
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Debridement
Procedure in which necrotic tissue is removed from a burn, wound, or ulcer.
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Electrosurgery
Procedure that uses an electrical current to remove a nevus, wart, skin tag or small malignant lesion.
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Incision and Drainage
Procedure to remove fluid or pus from a cyst or abscess.
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Laser surgery
Procedure that uses pulses of laser light to remove birthmarks, tattoos, enlarged superficial blood vessels, wrinkles, scars, or unwanted hair.
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Skin examination
Procedure to examine the patient’s skin or just one skin lesion, rash, or tumor.
