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Biol 305 > Chapter 2: Ecology of tick vectors > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Ecology of tick vectors Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the first symptoms of lyme disease?

A

erythema migrans — a bulls eye rash that appears
(Only occurs in a percentage of cases — still majority about 70%)

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2
Q

What is the “cargo”?

A

the pathogen or parasite

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3
Q

What is zoonoses?

A

diseases transmitted by animal(s)

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4
Q

Who is Theobald Smith?

A

Christian scientists who was the first to prove a vector (tick) with protozoan parasite (Bayesian) (Texas cattle fever - 1889)

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5
Q

What are some common examples of zoonotic diseases?

A
  • lyme disease
  • rocky mounted spotted disease
  • malaria
  • African sleeping sickness
  • Chagas’ disease
  • yellow fever
  • giardiasis
  • babeiosis
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6
Q

What disease & its tick causes lyme arthritis?

A
  • borrelia bacteria
  • black legged tick —> lxodes scapularis ticks
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7
Q

How long must a tick be attached to transmit bacteria?

A

4-72 hours (Average=48 hours)

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8
Q

Which ticks cause the majority of lyme disease?

A

nymphal ticks

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9
Q

When are nymphal ticks most active?

A

late may-july

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10
Q

What are the stages in the parasites life history? How many legs does it have in each stage?

A

egg —> larvae (6-legged) —> nymph (8 legs) —> adult (8 legs)

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11
Q

What is transovarialt transmission?

A

the transmission of an infectious agent from parent to offspring via infection of the developing egg which subsequently results in infectious adult arthropods

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12
Q

Are male or female ticks larger?

A

Female

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13
Q

What is transstadial transmission?

A
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14
Q

What is a niche?

A

an organisms occupation — ticks are recyclers

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15
Q

What is a habitat?

A

an organisms “address” — high living grass for ticks

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16
Q

What is mutualism?

A

2 species living together with mutual benefit

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17
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

living together — either mutualism or parasitism

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18
Q

What are symptoms of alpha gal syndrome? (caused by lone star ticks saliva)

A
  • red meat allergy
  • hives abdominal cramping
    -life threatening possible
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19
Q

What are treatments/management for alpha gal syndrome?

A
  • diet change
  • epinephrine
  • antihistamines
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20
Q

What are the vectors (2) of rocky mountain spotted fever?

A
  1. wood tick —> dermacentor andersoni
  2. dog tick —> dermacentor variabilis
  3. lone star tick —> amblyomma americanum
    * tick vectors remain infected for life
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21
Q

Is rocky mountain spotted fever a zoonotic disease?

A

yes

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22
Q

Where is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever the highest?

A

US, Canada, highest incidences in Blue Ridge south-central US

23
Q

How long does it take for the ticks to transfer bacteria of RMSF?

A

4-10 hours

24
Q

Who first discovered & notated RMSF?

A

Howard Ricketts in 1896

25
Q

How many cases of RMSF in the US?

A

until recently, 300-800 cases in US

26
Q

Which vectors are most common for RMSF?

A
  • most common in US is american dog tick
  • most common in Virginia is lone star tick
27
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii?

A
28
Q

What treatments are given for RMSF (antibiotics)

A

Doxycycline most often given
- w/out treatment mortality reaches 20% (HIGH)
- w treatment mortality rate is less than 5%

29
Q

What is an amplifying host?

A

a host in which the level of pathogen can become high enough that a vector such as tick feeds on it and will probably become infectious

30
Q

What is a reservoir host?

A

a host that can harbor a pathogen indefinitely with no ill effects
- a single reservoir host usually primary host of a pathogen

31
Q

What are symptoms of RMSF?

A
  • Early: high fever, headache, myalgia, GI symptoms (quick, acute)
  • late: rash (all over), photophobia, confusion, ataxia, seizures, cough, dyspnea, arrhythmias, jaundice, severe abdominal pin
  • long term results: CNS deficits, amputations
32
Q

What symptom does typhus affect?

A

rectoendothelial symptoms —> severe consequences can lead to death in a few dates
- spreads by macrophages
- similar to RMSF & can look similar

33
Q

What is lyme disease (bacteria, vector, etc)?

A
  • bacteria: borrelia sp.
  • vector: “black legged” (deer or seed tick) —> i ixodes scapularis (or ixodes pacificus in west coast)
  • 500,000 people in US annually
34
Q

When was lyme disease recognized & where? Who identified first?

A
  • Recognized in 1975-76 by Dr. A. Steere
  • First identified by Dr. Willy Burgdorfer (1981) and Barbour and Benach
35
Q

What are the 3 active stages of tick?

A
  1. larvae
  2. nymph
  3. adult
36
Q

What are characteristics of the ticks?

A

does not fly or jump, attatches as host passes by

37
Q

How long is the life cycle of a deer tick?

A

2 years — only feeds 3 times though

38
Q

What are some hosts of the deer tick?

A

mice, vole, deer, other mammals (needs host at each of the 3 stages)
- white-footed mice are principal resevoir of infection where larval and nymphal ticks feed and become infected with the LD spirochete (lyme)

39
Q

What is the bacteria of lyme?

A

Borrelia Burgdorferi

40
Q

What primarily causes the variation in the bullseye rash (erythema migrants)?

A
  1. dosage (amount) of borrelia bacteria
  2. immune response
  3. borrelia variant (ID by PCR DNA)
41
Q

What is the shape of borrelia?

A

large microaerophilic spirochete

42
Q

How does the borrelia genome differ from other prokaryotes?

A

genome is linear, not circular, and has numerous copies rather than just 1 (one of the most complex bacteria)

43
Q

What are the stages of lyme disease?

A
  1. primary (First) stage
44
Q

What is the primary stage of lyme? (localized stage)

A
  • Characterized by erythema migrants
  • rash begins as small red spot @ bite site —> grows
  • flu/COVID - like symptoms. (malaise, chills, fever, headache, stiff-neck, aches & pains)
45
Q

What is the secondary stage of lyme?

A
  • 2-8 weeks post rash
  • involve heat & nervous system
  • electrical conduction to heart impaired (arrhythmias)
  • nervous system —> can lead to paralysis of facial muscles & impaired concentration
46
Q

How does the Borrelia bacteria get into/move throughout body (pathogenesis)?

A
  1. introduced into skin — bite of infected tick
  2. migrate outward in radial fashion
  3. causes inflammatory reaction in skin (migration & inflammation — expanding rash)
  4. Host immunity initially suppressed (mult. of bacteria)
  5. bacteria enters bloodstream and circulates to other parts of the body
    **bacteria does not cross the placenta
46
Q

What is the tertiary (3rd) stage of lyme?

A
  • within 6 months after rash (slowly disappear over years)
  • characterized by arthritis (usually large joints — knee)
  • symptoms develop in 60% of untreated cases
  • chronic nervous system impairment may occur
47
Q

How do you prevent and treat lyme disease?

A
  • prevention same as RMSF
  • antibiotics relatively effective in early stage disease
  • less effective in late disease (bacteria not actively multiplying
48
Q

What is the life cycle of lyme?

A

look at slide 37

49
Q

Which tick only bites as adult?

A

american dog tick

50
Q

Which bacteria causes Babesiosis (also deer tick)?

A
  • Babesia
  • has double ring
  • can co-infect with borrelia to cause infectious malaria-like illness
    -Life cycle similar
  • on the rice in PA and NY
51
Q

What are the hosts for ticks?

A
  • adult ticks lay eggs on white-tailed deer
  • larval tick feeds on white-footed mouse (attracts disease)
  • nymphal tick feeds on mouse — then human (bites and transmit disease)
    (about 1 year)
52
Q

What are Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis?

A

two tick-borne diseases
- Ehrlichiosis: common in dogs locally
- Anaplasmosis: second most commonly reported tick born disease after lyme

53
Q

What is the toothed hypo stone? What does this implicate?

A
  1. intakes plant juice
  2. could have pre-fall implications for originally ingesting plants protein

Biol 305 (5 decks)

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