Chapter 2 en 3 Flashcards
Why can we not use experience as source of information?
- Experience has no comparison group.
- There can be alternative explanations (confounds).
- Research is probabilistic.
Why can we not use intuition as source of information?
We are prone to biases and we tend to believe good stories.
Availibility heuristic
If we can think of something easily, we overestimate its occurence.
Present/present bias
We fail to consider appropriate comparison groups. We focus on the group with treatment and result.
Confirmation bias
We subconsciously seek and accept evidence that we already believe.
Bias blind spot
Biases affect us, even when we are aware of the bias.
Why can’t we always use authorities as source of information?
If information from the authority stems from intuition/experience, we should not rely on it.
Empirical journal articles
Articles with one (or more) experiment(s). Consist of an abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and references.
Review journal articles
Meta-analysis in which the effect size of multiple studies is measured.
Variable
Something that has at least two levels.
Measured/dependent variable
Levels that are observed and recorded.
Manipulated/independent variable
Variable that is controlled by the researcher.
Construct
Conceptual variable based on an abstract concept.
Operational variable
Variable that can be measured or manipulated.
Constant
Something that only has one value in the study.
