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Design And Technology > Chapter 2-Energy, Materials, Sytems And Devices(Part 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Energy, Materials, Sytems And Devices(Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

How does turbines and generators work?

A
  • Fossil fuels burned to create heat
  • The heat super heats Water
  • Resulting steam used to rotate turbines
  • Rotating turbine turns a generator on
  • Generator converts mechanical energy from turbine into electrical energy
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2
Q

Examples of finite resources

A
  • Coal
  • Gas
  • Oil
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3
Q

What is Shale?

A
  • A sedimentary rock

- Contains a rich source of petroleum and natural gas

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4
Q

Explain how fracking works

A
  • Process of extracting gas from shale
  • Drilling a well down into the Earth’s crust
  • Sending high pressure water+ chemical mixture into the rock to release trapped gas
  • Gad travels up the drilled shaft and collected at the well head
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5
Q

What Kinds of Damage dies fracking do on the environment?

A
  • Releases gases and toxic particles into water tables

- Could cause earth tremors

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6
Q

What are renewable energy sources?

A

Energy that comes form the planet’s non-finite resources

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7
Q

Advantages of using wind turbines

A
  • Cheap
  • Produce power in winter months when demand is higher
  • Renewable
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8
Q

Disadvantages of using Wind turbines

A
  • Expensive to make
  • Loud
  • Migrating birds could die
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9
Q

Explain passive solar technology

A

Positing a building to gain heat from the sun

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10
Q

Explain active solar technology

A
  • Using photovoltaic cells
  • Converting solar energy into electrical energy
  • Light photos hit the PV cell, allows electrons to flow creating an electrical current
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11
Q

Advantages of solar energy

A
  • Low maintenance
  • Clean energy
  • Relatively low cost
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12
Q

Disadvantages of solar energy

A
  • Quite brittle
  • Seasonal fluctuations
  • No power generated at night
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13
Q

Explain how tidal energy works

A

Relies on the movement of water to turn turbines which drive the generators that produce electricity

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14
Q

One benefit and one disadvantage of tidal energy

A
  • More predictable and generally more consistent

- Environment were machinery needs to be located- conditions are harsh-makes maintenance difficult

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15
Q

Explain hydroelectric power (HEP)

A
  • Process of using a dam to channel water through turbines that are used to turn generators
  • Most Efficient during periods of heavy rainfall
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16
Q

How is biofuel and biomass created?

A
  • Made from organic matter which is burned to generate power

- Can also make biodiesel

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17
Q

Advantages of biomass

A
  • Seen as carbon neutral as they absorb CO2

- Can replace crops very quickly

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18
Q

Disadvantages of biomass

A
  • Can contribute to food shortages in developing countries
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19
Q

Examples of biomass fuels

A
  • Food from farm waste
  • Compost
  • Wood chips
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20
Q

Explain how nuclear power works

A
  • Nuclear reaction happens inside the reactor vessel
  • Makes a lot of heat which superheated water
  • Generates power by driving turbines and generators
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21
Q

What is fission?

A

The process in which uranium atoms are split and produce heat

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22
Q

Disadvantages of nuclear power

A
  • Very expensive to build reactor
  • Waste product from reaction is radioactive
  • Waste usually stored underground
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23
Q

Mechanical power is stored by…..

A
  • Compression
  • Tension
  • Motion
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24
Q

Chemical energy is stored by…….

A
  • Batteries
  • Gases
  • Solid fuel(coal, oil etc.)
  • Food
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25
Q

What is pneumatics?

A

Another form of compression to store gas or air under pressure

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26
Q

Benefits of using pneumatics

A
  • Accurate
  • Efficient
  • Relatively low maintenance
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27
Q

What is hydraulics?

A

The gas in pneumatic system can be swapped for a liquid, most commonly oil ( this type of movement is known as hydraulics)

28
Q

Where are hydraulics commonly used?

A
  • Car breaking systems

- Lifting gear ( Truck+Fork lifts)

29
Q

What do both pneumatic and hydraulics need?

A
  • Both need compression in order for systems to operate

- Usually delivered by a pump called a compressor

30
Q

How does a pump build up pressure in pneumatic and hydraulic systems?

A

When the pressure in the tank falls below minimum, the compressor will automatically turn on and build the pressure back up to the maximum level

31
Q

What kind of objects have kinetic energy?

A

An object in motion

32
Q

What kind of energy has potential energy?

A

Objects not in motion

33
Q

How is potential energy converted to kinetic energy?

A

When some force acts on the object to set it in motion

34
Q

Ways to store potential energy

A
  • Springs
  • Balloons
  • Elastic bands
35
Q

What is the purpose of a flywheel?

A
  • It’s a way to store kinetic energy

- Can provide continuous energy

36
Q

What can be stored in batteries?

A
  • Electrical power

- Batteries contain electrochemicals that react with each other to produce electricity

37
Q

How many volts does 1 battery cell carry?

A
  • Approx 1.5v
38
Q

What is miniaturisation?

A

When you manufacture smaller mechanical or electrical products to help save finite materials

39
Q

Describe an Alkaline battery

A
  • Have higher capacity for their size
  • Contains dense manganese oxide
  • Uses less space but provides the same power
  • Hold their charge very well
40
Q

Advantages of rechargeable batteries

A
  • Can be charged many hundreds of times
  • Reduces quantity of resources needed
  • Reduces amount of batteries disposed
41
Q

Why do batteries need to be disposed correctly?

A
  • They contain toxic electrochemicals
  • Contain some metals that are harmful to the environment
  • If disposed incorrectly chemicals could potentially end up in rivers and soil and cause harm to wildlife
42
Q

What are corn starch polymers made from?+ Features about them

A
  • Vegetable starches
  • They are fully biodegradable
  • Cannot be recycled as they decompose easily
43
Q

Polylactic acid

PLA

A
  • It’s a corn starch polymer
    Appearance- smooth/textured finish
    Characteristics- Widely used in 3D printers/Easily moulded
    Uses- Bottles, Pens, Disposable food and drink containers
44
Q

Polyhdroxy butyrate
pHB
Bio pool

A
  • It’s a corn starch polymer
    Appearance- Smooth or textured finish/easily coloured
    Characteristics- Stable,stiff,Quite brittle
    Uses- Bottles, Pots, Disposable food containers
45
Q

Flexible MDF

Medium Density Fibreboard

A

Appearance-Light brown/cut on one side and smooth on the other
Characteristics- Flexible in one direction along the cut groove, easily shaped into natural curves
Uses- Modern furniture, Interior walls

46
Q

Titanium

A
  • This metal is usually alloyed with other metals to enhance its properties
  • Pure titanium does not react with the human body
    Appearance- Light grey/ can be polished to a mirror finish
    Characteristics- High strength to weight ratio, anti- corrosive
    Uses- Jewellery, Medical uses such as joints, Spacecrafts
47
Q

Fibre optics

A
  • Allows digital information to travel as a pulse of light along thin glass strands at very high speeds
    Appearance- Clear glass fibre core covered with strengthening fibres
    Characteristics- Flexile cable that transfers digital data at extremely fast speeds
    Uses- Endoscopic cameras ( used to investigate human body), Data transfer cables
48
Q

Graphene

A

Appearance- Ultra thin layer of graphite, one Aton thick
Characteristics- conductive, transparent, lightweight, incredibly strong
Uses- Medical industry, Electronic industry, Energy industry

49
Q

Liquid Crystal display

LCD

A
  • It’s a laminated material of 2 layers of glass with a liquid Crystal core
    -2 versions monochrome and full colour
  • Monochrome- Appear dark when when voltage is applied
  • Full colour- offer full screen images
    Characteristics- Low power consumption, sharp images
    Uses- Watches, clocks, TV screens
50
Q

What are nano-materials?

A
  • A nanometer is 1 billionth of a metre

Uses- Surface coating, computer chips, clothing(to absorb sweat)

51
Q

How can a metal be made into foam?

A

By injecting gas into the metal when it’s in a liquid state

52
Q

Metal foams

A

Appearance- Closed or open cell structure, same colour as base metal
Characteristics- Strong, lightweight, very porous, conductive, good sound absorption
Uses- Impact absorption in vehicle, soundproofing

53
Q

What is Polymorph?

A

It’s a non-toxic and fully biodegradable polymer that comes in small plastic granules

54
Q

Ploycaprolactone

PCL

A

Appearance- translucent pellet that can be hand shaped
Characteristics- Easily mouldable and re-mouldable, fully biodegradable
Uses- Hand shaped artefacts, Prototyping, Jewellery
Stimulus- Heat

55
Q

Teflon

A
  • A polymer
  • Also called PTFE
  • Unreactive
    Uses- Non stick pan, Clothing and pipes
56
Q

What is a smart material?

A

A material that changes its properties in response to a change in it’s environment

57
Q

Thermochromic pigments

A

Stimulus: Heat
Appearance- it’s a powder that’s added to materials
Characteristics- colour of pigment changes depending on temp
Uses- children’s cutlery, flexible thermometers, clothing

58
Q

Photochromic pigments

A

Stimulus: UV light
Appearance- pigment added to variety of materials
Characteristics- longer it is exposed to UV, the darker it becomes until it reaches maximum
Uses- Sunglasses, beach products, paints

59
Q

What is nitinol made up of?

A
  • It is an alloy of nickel and titanium
  • It is the most commonly used SMA
  • Can also be used as a muscle wire-used in dental braces
60
Q

Shape memory alloys

SMA

A

Stimulus: Heat or electricity
Appearance- Mid grey metal varying thickness also available in sheets
Characteristics- can be deformed and will return to memory shape when reheated to 70 degrees
Uses- Dental braces, Frames for glasses

61
Q

Give 2 examples of materials that can respond to stress fractures and repair themselves

A

Self healing polymers

Bio-concrete

62
Q

How does a self healing polymer work?

A
  • They contain microencapsulated resin based adhesives
  • Used when stress fractures are caused
  • Resin fills cracks and hardens
63
Q

Quantum Tunnelling Composite

QTC

A

Stimulus: Pressure
- Has the ability to be a conductor or an insulator
- More pressure the conductive the material becomes
Uses- Wearable technology, Speed controllers

64
Q

Piezoelectric material

A

Stimulus: Movement, stress or electricity
- Produces and electrical voltage when squeezed or put under pressure
- Quartz is a natural piezoelectric material
Uses- Mobile phone speakers, Gas lighter ignition spark

65
Q

Litmus paper

A 
Stimulus:PH
- Changes colour depending on PH level of a substance
- Turns red in acid
- Turns blue in alkaline
Uses- Soil testing, Swimming pools

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