Chapter 2—Ethics Flashcards
(24 cards)
What did Miller argue in “The value of behavioural research on animals”?
- Animal activists overestimate harm caused in psychological research
- Animal research provides clear benefits for human well-being
- Animal research benefits animals as well
Regarding animal research ethics, what is the activist standpoint?
Animal research on sentient beings is inappropriate because we have no right to place ourselves above other species.
They believe they should have the same rights as humans and therefore not be ‘subject’ to us
What is the practice of Anthrozoology?
Examining human-animal interactions
—use of pets in psychotherapy
—effects of pets on everyday lives
—training animals and humans to improve our relationships
List the categories of discussion in the APA code for animal research
- Justifying harm to animals
- Treating and acquiring animals properly
- In an educational context (use live animals sparingly)
According to the APA code for animal research, how do we justify a study?
The study’s purpose should be fall into any of these categories:
- Increases the knowledge of processes underlying evolution, development, maintenance, alteration or biological significance of a behaviour
- Determines the replicability and generality of prior research
- Increases understanding of the species under study
- Provides results that benefit welfare of humans/animals
The amount of justification increases relative to animal suffering
According to the APA code for animal research, how do we care for the animals?
- Research supervisor must be an expert in the care of the animal species used
- Research supervisor must train all others in the care of the animal species used
- Research supervisor must be fully aware of federal animal care regulations
After the experiment, euthanasia is sometimes necessary but consider alternatives
What is the system of ethics?
A set of standards governing the morally correct conduct of people or professionals
What are the ethical guidelines?
A set of general rules that a research psychologist must follow:
1. Treat human research participants with respect + dignity
2. Care for the welfare of animals subjected to research
3. Be scrupulously honest in the treatment of data
What 4 standards does ethics make sure researchers meet?
- Informed consent
- Benefits outweigh the costs
- Participants are respected
- Participants are given aftercare/debriefing
What is the critical incidents technique?
A technique that surveyed psychologists and asked for examples of unethical behaviour.
Lead to the development of ethics
What are the 5 ethical principles?
- Benevolence and nonmaleficence (benefits/costs)
- Fidelity and responsibility (aware of resp to society)
- Integrity (honest in all research practices)
- Justice (Treat subjects w fairness, reduce chances of bias)
- Respect for people’s rights and dignity (safeguard confidentiality, protect the rights of subjects)
What are standards?
More specific, enforceable rules that govern conduct. They define ethical responsibilities and outline specific actions that psychologists must follow in their professional work
What 5 things do consent forms entail?
- Divulge the study’s general purpose, procedure and time needed
- Divulge how they can leave whenever without penalty
- Inform that strict confidentiality will be upheld
- Divulge who to contact if one has complains/questions (including the IRB guy)
- Inform of any risk encounterable, and that they’re able to receive a summary of the study results once completed
What is a manipulation check?
Checks to see if people were aware of deception used in the study; and if the intended manipulation worked
What are the two parts of debriefing?
Dehoaxing: revealing the true purpose of a study
Desensitizing: reducing stress/negative emotions experienced during the study
What is participant crosstalk?
The tendency for people who participated in a given research study to inform future participants about its true purpose
What is a Belmont report?
Outlines three core principles that guide ethical research:
- Respect for persons: people should have agency
- Beneficence: maximize benefits/risk ratio
- Justice: the burdens and benefits of research are distributed fairly
What is falsifying data?
Manufacturing or altering of data to bring a desired result; will eventually be detected as faked results wont be replicated.
What is raw data used for?
What people ask for when a study cannot be replicated. Used to sus out data falsification.
What is the IRB?
Institutional Review Board:
A university committee that evaluates if research proposals provide enough protection of participants rights; must exist for any university to receive funds for research
What does it mean to be “exempt from full review”?
Studies with NO risk, that are in one of the “exempt” categories
- educational research
- naturalistic observation
- survey research of non-sensitive subjects
No consent needed
What is an expedited review? When is it used?
Used in many typical psych lab experiments in basic processes
Minimal risk/no risk
What is a full review?
Used for all other research; participants are at risk.
It checks if the value of the research outweighs the risks, if the study can’t be completed any other way, and if the remaining ethical guidelines are followed closely
What are questionable research practices (QRPs)?
Forms of scientific misconduct—ex, failing to report all dependent measures
