Chapter 2-Gender

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

biological distinction between being female and being male

Question 2

intersexed individuals

Answer 2

people with mixed or ambiguous gentials

Question 3

intersex development

Answer 3

refers to congential variations in the reproductive system, sometimes resulting in ambiguous genitals

Question 4

gender

Answer 4

social and psychological behaviour associated with being female or male

Question 5

socialization

Answer 5

process through which we learn attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors appropriate to the social positions we occupy

Question 6

Gender Identity

Answer 6

psychological state of viewing oneself as a girl or boy, and later, as a woman or man

Question 7

gender dysphoria

Answer 7

condition in which one’s gender identity does not match one’s biological sex

Question 8

transgender

Answer 8

generic term for a person of one biological sex who displays characteristics of the opposite sex

Question 9

cross dresser

Answer 9

generic term for individuals who may dress or present themselves in the gender of the opposite sex

Question 10

transsexual

Answer 10

individual who has anatomical and genetic characteristics of one sex but the self concept of the other

Question 11

Gender roles

Answer 11

behaviors assigned to women and men in a society

Question 12

Sex Roles

Answer 12

behaviors defined by biological constraints

-wet nurse, sperm donor, chilbearer

Question 13

Gender role ideology

Answer 13

proper role relationships between women and men in a society

Question 14

Biosocial Theory

Answer 14

emphasizes the interaction of one’s biological or genetic inheritance with one’s social environment to explain and predict human behavior

Question 15

parental investment

Answer 15

any investment by a parent that increases the chance that the offspring will survive and thrive

Question 16

Social learning theory

Answer 16

emphasizes the roles of reward and punishment in explaining how a child learns gender role behavior

Question 17

Cognitive Development Theory

Answer 17

biological readiness of the child, in terms of cognitive development, influences how the child responds to gender cues in the environment

Question 18

Agents of gender Socialization

Answer 18

e.g. family

Question 19

Family

Answer 19

parents, siblings affect gender changes and roles. parents can be strict and force certain roles, siblings can reinforce this

Question 20

Race/ethnicity

Answer 20

different races have different views on gender roles and enforcement of these roles

Question 21

Peers

Answer 21

e.g. drinking, sports

Question 22

Religion

Answer 22

traditional framing of gender roles

• male dominance
• traditional marriage roles

Question 23

Education

Answer 23

influences and enforces gender roles through classroom activity and books

Question 24

Economy

Answer 24

men dominate certain roles in jobs with higher education requirements as opposed to femals

Question 25

occupational sex segregation

Answer 25

concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations

Question 26

Mass Media

Answer 26

media images, television, etc. conform to traditional roles, reinforce these.

Question 27

Negative consequences of traditional female role socialization

Answer 27

1. Less income 2. feminization of poverty-idea that women disproportionately experience poverty living alone 3. Higher risk for sexually transmitted infections 4. Negative body image 5. Less marital satisfaction

Question 28

sexism

Answer 28

an attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates or discriminates against an individual or group because of their sex

Question 29

Positive consequences of traditional female role socialization

Answer 29

1. longer life expectancy 2. Stronger relationship focus 3. keeping relationships on track 4. bonding with children

Question 30

Negative consequences of traditional male role socialization

Answer 30

1. Identity tied to work 2. limited emotionality 3. fear of intimacy, more lonely 4. disadvantaged in getting custody 5. shorter life

Question 31

Positive consequences of traditional male role socialization

Answer 31

1. Higher income and occupational status 2. More positive self-concept 3. less job discrimination 4. freedom of movement; more partners to select from; more normative to initiate relationships 5. happier marriage

Question 32

androgyny

Answer 32

being neither male nor female but a blend of both traits

Question 33

physiological androgyny

Answer 33

intersexed individuals-genitals neither male nor female

Question 34

behavioral androgyny

Answer 34

blending or reversal of traditional male and female behavior, so that a biological male may be very passive, gentle, and a biological female may be assertive, rough, selfish.

Question 35

Positive Androgyny

Answer 35

view of androgyny that is devoid of the negative traits associated with masculinity and femininity.

Question 36

gender role transcendence

Answer 36

abandoning gender frameworks and looking at phenomena independent of traditional gender categories