Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GPSYC 160 > Chapter 2: Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth Flashcards

1
Q

s.o.g.z

A

sperm to ovum to gamete to zygote(2 gametes come together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mitosis

A

cellular reproduction in which cells nucleus duplicates itself and two new cells form (46 chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

meiosis

A

specialized form of cell division to form eggs and sperm (gametes) each gamete receives one of two chromosomes that make up the 23 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

reproduction (conception)

A

gamete (ovum) is fertilized by male gamete (sperm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA

A

complex molecule that contains genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

genes

A

unit of hereditary information composed of DNA (25,000 human genes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures that contain sequences of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

monozygotic twins

A

genetically identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dizygotic twins

A

produced when two seperate ova are fertilized by two seperate sperm roughly at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

genotype

A

underlying combination of genetic material present (but not visible) in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

phenotype

A

observable trait; the trait that is seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polygenic information

A

inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the productions of a particular trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

study of the effects of heredity on human behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES

A

occur when the ovum and sperm do not have normal set of 23 chromosome pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

down syndrome

A

47 instead of 46
Trisomy 21- (21st chrom)
increases with mothers age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SEX-linked Chromosomal abnormalities

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

presence of extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fragile Syndrome

A

injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

females missing an X, short, webbed neck, sexual under-development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

XYY Syndrome

A

males have extra Y, above average height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Human Genome Project (HGP)

A

international, collaborative research program whose goal was complete mapping and understanding of all genes in human beings “genome”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Francis Collins (HCP) three books?

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

history book

A

narrative of the journey of our species through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

shop manual

A

detailed blueprint for building every human cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

textbook of medicine

A

insights that will give health care providers immense new powers to treat, prevent, and cure diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES

A

over 7,000 known

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

cannot properly metabolize an amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

red blood cells die quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Big 5 personality traits….neuroticism and extroversion?

A
  • emotional stability

- seeks to be with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

fertilization

A

sperm and ovum (male and female gametes) join to form a single new cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

A

three stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The Geminal Period

A

first two weeks
creation of zygote, cell division, attachment of zygote to uterine wall
inner cell layer becomes embryo (blastocyst)
outer cell layer becomes placenta (trophoblast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

placenta

A

life support system in which blood vessels from mother and baby interwine DO NOT JOIN (oxy, salt and food enters, carbon diox and digestive wastes exists)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

***Embryonic Period- most rapid and dramatic qualitative changes in cell type

A

2-8 weeks, support system for cells form and organs appear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

three distinct layers

A

….

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

outer layer (ectoderm)

A

skin hair teeth sense organs and brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

inner layer (endoderm)

A

digestive system, lives, pancreas, respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

middle layer (mesoderm)

A

muscles bones and blood and circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The Geminal Period

A

first two weeks
creation of zygote, cell division, attachment of zygote to uterine wall
inner cell layer becomes embryo (blastocyst)
outer cell layer becomes placenta (trophoblast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

placenta

A

life support system in which blood vessels from mother and baby interwine DO NOT JOIN (oxy, salt and food enters, carbon diox and digestive wastes exists)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

***Embryonic Period- most rapid and dramatic qualitative changes in cell type

A

2-8 weeks, support system for cells form and organs appear

42
Q

three distinct layers

A

….

43
Q

outer layer (ectoderm)

A

skin hair teeth sense organs and brain and spinal cord

44
Q

inner layer (endoderm)

A

digestive system, lives, pancreas, respiratory system

45
Q

middle layer (mesoderm)

A

muscles bones and blood and circulatory system

46
Q

Fetal Period

A

8 weeks to birth, features and functions develop

47
Q

myelin

A

neurons coated with insulating material

48
Q

PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST

A

…

49
Q

first trimester screen

A

combines blood test and ultrasound sonography (chromosomal abnormalities and disorders like heart problems)

50
Q

maternal blood test

A

overall health of fetus and spinal test

51
Q

ultrasound sonography

A

sound waves scan mothers womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, size and shape assessed

52
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

8-11week used to find genetic defects that involve taking samples of hair like material that surrounds the embryo (miscarriage rates so infrequent)

53
Q

Amniocentesis

A

12-16 week identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetus cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus (Nearly 100% accuracy, can determine sex of child)

54
Q

infertility

A

inability to conceive after 12-18 months of trying to become pregnant

55
Q

artificial insemination

A

mans sperm are placed directly into a womans vagina

56
Q

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

womans ove are removed from her ovaries, and mans sperm used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory

57
Q

teratogens

A

environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, or virus that produce a birth defect

58
Q

severity and type of damage from terat influenced by?

A

dose
genetic susceptibility
time of exposure

59
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A 
Alcohol
Nicotine
Caffeine
Cocaine
Antidepresants
Anti-anxiety meds
OTC meds
60
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

abnormalitities that appear in offspring
affect EVERY cell
primary preventable cause of mental retardation

61
Q

Nicotine

A

80% more likely to have abortion

high correlation with SIDS

62
Q

Caffeine

A

miscarriage, retarded growth, microcephaly

63
Q

Thalidominde

A

anti-nausea drug causes loss of a limb

64
Q

Enviromental Hazards

A

Lead, radiation, pesticides, petrochemicals, asbestos, cleaning chemicals, hot tubs

65
Q

lead

A

linked with premature birth, decreased birth weight, descreased postnatal growth, inceases rates of still births, miscarriages, neurological alterations, increase in minor malformations

66
Q

radiation

A

induce…growth impairments, microcephaly, mental retardation, malignancy

67
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

rubella, syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, AIDS, toxoplasmosis

68
Q

Rubello

A

utero infection with rubello: glaucoma, microphthalmia (one or both eyes abnormally small), cataracts, cardiac malformation, hearing loss, mental retardation

69
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

infection caused by a protozoan parasite that enters body through raw meat and cat feces RESULTS: brain damage, dealth

70
Q

INCOMPATIBLE BLOOD TYPES

Rh factor

A

fetus Rh postie and Rh negative (antibodies)

  • antibodies may attack fetus
  • brain damage
  • heart defects
  • miscarriage or still birth
71
Q

other PARENTAL FACTORS

A 
nutrition
maternal age
paternal factors
emotional states
stress
72
Q

common effect of all teratogens?

A

attention difficulties ADD ADDHD

73
Q

Stages of Birth

A

38 weeks after fertilization, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) triggers and birth begins ***oxytocin (when high enough mothers uterus begins contractions)

74
Q

Three Stages of Labor

A

…

75
Q

first stage

A

uterine contractions every 8-10 minutes for 30 seconds

transition- cervix opens to allows babys head

76
Q

second stage

A

90 minutes long, babys head emerges further from mother with each contraction

77
Q

episiotomy

A

increase the size of the opening of the vagina

78
Q

third stage

A

umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from mother

79
Q

Lamaze birthing technique

A

breathing and relaxation training

80
Q

Bradley Method

A

childbirth as natural as possible and no medication or medical intervention

81
Q

Hypnobirthing

A

self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and calm and reduces pain

82
Q

MEDICATION DURING DELIVERY

A

…

83
Q

analgesia

A

used to relieve pain

84
Q

Anesthesia

A

used in late first-stage labor and during expulsion of baby to block sensation in area of body or to block consciousness

85
Q

oxytocis

A

used to stimulate contractions

86
Q

Cesarean Delivery

A

1 and 4 births
respiratory issues?
VBAC

87
Q

fetal monitors

A

measures babys heartbeat during labor

88
Q

Apgar Scale

A

widely used method to access health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
heartrate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, reflex irritability

89
Q

low birth weight

A

infants weigh less than 2,500 grams (5.5 pounds)

90
Q

preterm

A

born three weeks or more before pregnancy has reached full term

91
Q

small for date

A

birth weight below normal when length of pregnancy is considered (weigh 90 percent of less of weight)

92
Q

postmature infants

A

2 weeks after mothers due date

93
Q

temperament

A

patterns of arousal and emotioanlity that represent consisten and enduring characteristics in an individual

94
Q

multifactorial transmission

A

determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors with a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed

95
Q

BREASTFEEDING

A

…

96
Q

colostrum

A

milk produced by mothers in first few days after giving birth, babys first immunization against infections and diseases

97
Q

The Lancet

A

children born prematurely and breast fed later scored higher on intelligence IQ tests

98
Q

bottle fed how many more times likely to be hospitalized for bacterial infections?

A

10 times

99
Q

risk of meningitis

A

4 times higher

100
Q

benefits of breast feeding

A 
ear disease
food allergies
diarrhea
obesity
cancer rates
diabetes
SIDS
cognitive development
bone density
visual actiity
101
Q

RMH Breastfeeding Consultants

A

four international board certified bf consultants on staff

102
Q

added benefits of breast feeding

A

500 calories per day (2 hours aerobics)

saves 1,450 a year

GPSYC 160 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions