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GPSYC 160 > Chapter 3: Physical Growth and Aging Across The Lifespan > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Physical Growth and Aging Across The Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalocaudal Pattern (of growth)

A

growth occurs first at the top (the head) and gradually proceeds from top to bottom

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2
Q

Proximodistal Pattern (of growth)

A

growth starts at the cetner of the body and moves toward the extremities

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3
Q

Average Height and Weight at birth

A

7 pounds, 20 inches

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4
Q

How much does infants weight change after one year?

A

weight triples by 1 year (baby grows a foot first year)

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5
Q

How many inches by age two?

A

32-35 inches (avg 3 ft by 2)

1/2 adult height by age 2

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6
Q

infants head at birth compared to adulthood

A

birth- head is 1/4 entire body size
by age 2- 1/5 of body length
adulthood- 1/8

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7
Q

Growth slows in early childhood?

A

2-3 inches a year
5-7 pounds per year
(avg 8 year old is 58 pounds)

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8
Q

growth patterns vary due to?

A

heredity, health, nutrition, *medication

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9
Q

rhythms

A

repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior

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10
Q

state (major body rhythm)

A

degree of awareness to both internal and external stimulation. Each state brings an alteration in the amount of stimulation required to get infants attention

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11
Q

awake states

A

alert, nonalert waking, fuss, cry

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12
Q

transition states between sleep and waking

A

drowse (eyes heavy lidded but opening and closing, low level motor activity), daze (eyes open by immobile, occurs betwern alert and drowse), sleep-wake transition (wakefulness and sleep evident)

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13
Q

sleep states

A 
active sleep (uneven respirations, intermittent rapid eye movements, smiles, forwns, sucking)
quiet sleep (respiration slow and regular, rythmic mouthing)
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14
Q

average newborn sleep how long?

A

16-17 hours a day

by 16 weeks infants begin to sleep as much as 6 continuous hours at night, sleep through night end of first year

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15
Q

REM Sleep

A

period of sleep found in older children and adilts and is associated with dreaming (1/2 of infants sleep, 20% adult sleep)

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16
Q

function of rem sleep in infants?

A

autostimulation- brain stimulates itself

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17
Q

age 11 in childhood

A

only age where girls tend to be taller than boys (4’10 vs. 4’9.5)

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18
Q

age gender start adolescent growth spurt?

A

girls- 10

boys-12

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19
Q

growth spurt

A

rapid growth in height and weights
girls- 3.5 inches a year
boys- 4.1 inches a year

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20
Q

growth in middle/late childhood

A

females- retain more fatty tissues (less satisfied with body)
males- retain more muscle (more satisfied)

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21
Q

puberty

A

period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place in early adolescence

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22
Q

how is puberty signaled?

A

pituitary gland in brain signals other glands to begin producing sex hormones

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23
Q

sex hormones

A

female- estrogens
male- androgens
*genders produce both

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24
Q

age puberty begins

A

girls: 11-12
boys: 13-14

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25
Q

leptin

A

hormone plays role in onset of puberty

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26
Q

menarche

A

onset of menstruation and probably the most obvious sign of puberty in girls

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27
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

associated with development of organs and body structures related directly to reproduction

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28
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

visible signs of sexual maturity that do not involve the sex or organs directly

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29
Q

spermarche

A

boys first ejaculation (13)

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30
Q

senesence

A

natural physical decline brought about by increasing age

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31
Q

early- maturing males (berkely long study)

A

more positive self perception and peer relations during adolescence

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32
Q

late- maturing males (berkely long study)

A

less positive in adolescence, but more positive (than early-maturing males) by their 30’s

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33
Q

early- maturing females (berkely long study)

A

postivie (not as pos as males) but potential problems

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34
Q

late-maturing females (berkely long study)

A

less positive in adolescence (1965 study). Changing now with females in sports

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35
Q

early adulthood

A

reach peak of muscle tone and strength in late teens and twenties (subtle changes during this time period, slight decline in thirties)

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36
Q

primary aging

A

aging that involves universal and irreversible changes due to genetics

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37
Q

secondary aging

A

changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but that are not due to increased age itself and are not

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38
Q

collagen

A

protein that forms basic fibers of body tissue

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39
Q

outward signs of aging

osteoporosis

A

bones become brittle, fragile, and thin often brought by lack of calcium in diet (more susceptible for woman) affects 25% of woman over 60

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40
Q

internal aging

A

brain becomes smaller and lighter (shrinks and pulls away from skull space between doubles between 20-70yrs)

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41
Q

middle adulthood

A

lose height, gain weight

height- lose 1/2 inche per decade beginning in 40’s

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42
Q

body fat (middle adulthood)

A

10% in adoleschence

20% in middle adulthood

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43
Q

middle adulthood (fertility changes)

A

climacteric- fertility declines

menopause- woman’s mentrual periods cease

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44
Q

positives of middle age

A

escape cool factor, good health, change career, develop “inner beauty” and “inner peace”

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45
Q 
young-old (65-74)
old old (75-84)
oldest old (85 and older)
A

healthy and active
some health problems
frail and need care

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46
Q

demographies of late childhood

A

1 out of 8 americans is 65 or older
by 2050 nearly 1/4 of pop will be 65 or older
number of ppl over 85 is projected to increase from 4 million to 18 million by 2050

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47
Q

fastest growing segment of population?

A

oldest old

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48
Q

oldest showgirl

A

Dorothy Dale Kloss

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49
Q

gerontologists

A

specialists who study age

- prefer talk about function rather than age

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50
Q

Biological Theories of Aging

A

…

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51
Q
  1. cellular clock theory
A

maximum times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80

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52
Q
  1. free-radical theory
A

people age because their cells metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals)

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53
Q
  1. mitochondrial theory
A

aging caused by decay of mitochondria

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54
Q
  1. hormonal stress theory
A

aging in body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase likelihood of disease

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55
Q
  1. free-radical theory
A

people age because their cells metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals)

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56
Q
  1. mitochondrial theory
A

aging caused by decay of mitochondria

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57
Q
  1. hormonal stress theory
A

aging in body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase likelihood of disease

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58
Q

THE BRAIN

A

2 hemispheres

4 lobes in each hemisphere

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59
Q

neuron

A

diagram***

60
Q

myelin sheath

A

pump directions through brain, sends electrical impulses, insulation that surrounds parts of neurons

61
Q

Synaptic Pruning (baby has 1.5 more synapses than adults)

A

elimation of neurons as reult of nonuse or lack of stimulation

62
Q

cerebral cortex

A

upper layer of the brain

63
Q

brain and plasticity

A 
high plasticity
(degree to which developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience)
64
Q

lateralization

A

process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other

65
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of nerve fibers that connects 2 hemispheres of brain, becomes thicker

66
Q

How long to break a habit

A

30 days

67
Q

socio-paths and frontal lobe

A

socio paths KILLERS have dark paths on frontal lobe

68
Q

frontal lobe

A

involved involuntary movement, thinking, personality, intentionality or purpose (good vs bad idea), plan ahead, motor control (most common in car accidents) (last part of brain to completely develop), 1st thing affected when you drink (pickled)

69
Q

occipital lobes

A 
function in vision
seeing/ vision
70
Q

temporal lobes

A

active role in hearing, language, processing, and meaning

71
Q

parietal lobes (know the less about this lobe)

A

roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control

72
Q

motor development

A

reflexes- unlearned responses, shows in tact nervous system of child

73
Q

rooting reflex (3 weeks)

A

turn head toward things that touch cheek

74
Q

sucking reflex

A

automatic sucking object placed in newborns mouth

75
Q

grasping reflex

A

occurs when something touches infants palms, infant grasps tightly

76
Q

babinski reflex

A

infants toes fan out when sole of foot is stroked

77
Q

moro/startle reflex

A

when support for neck and head is removed arms of infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something, response to sudden noise or movement

78
Q

gallant reflex

A

newborns spine twists in response to stroking. assists birth process

79
Q

Gross motor skills that involve large muscle activities

A

infancy- learning to walk
childhood- running jumping climbing, sports skills
adolescence- skills improve
adulthood- peak performance before 30, slowly declines with age

80
Q

Fine motor skills

A

involve finely tuned movements (finger dexterity)
infancy- reaching and grasping
early childhood- picking up small objects, building towers
childhood and adolescence- writing and drawing. 10-12 can do crafts, play instruments
adulthood- speed may decline but most use compensation strategies

81
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A

measure designed to determine infants neurological and behavior responses to their environment

82
Q

handedness

A

by age 5 use one over the other
90% right
10% left

83
Q

Childrens Art Stages

A
  1. scribbling stage
  2. shape stage (3)
  3. design stage
  4. pictorial stage (4 or 5)
84
Q

motor skills- adult

A

neural noise- adult decline due to increase in irregular neural activity in CNS. this disturbs the processing of incoming signals and delays interpretation

85
Q

compensation strategy

A

compensate for declines in fine and gross motor skills

86
Q

Aging/ Activity

A

inverse relationship
activity increases
biological decreases

87
Q

preventing and treating declining brain functioning

A
  • positive emotions
  • intellectual stimulation
  • healthy diet
  • folic acid supplement
88
Q

sensation

A

occurs when information contacts sensory receptors (physcial stimulations of sense organs)

89
Q

perception

A

interpretation of sensation (mental process of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brain)

90
Q

Robert Frantz Experiment

A

2 and 3 month old infants preferred to look at more complex stimuli than simple ones

91
Q

How do you know when an infant is interested/ attentive?

A
  • stops sucking

- stares and tries to focus

92
Q

How do you know when you bore an infant?

A
  • begins sucking

- looks away

93
Q

Habituation

A

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations (get bored)
- occurs when we learn not to respond to repeated occurences of a stimulus

94
Q

dishabituation

A

recovery of habituated response after change in stimulation

95
Q

Infants visual perception (visual acuity)

by 6 months avg vision is already 20/20

A

ranges from 20/200 to 20/600 at birth (see up to 20 feet)
*adult with normal vision can see up to 200-600 feet
infatns distance vision is 1/10 to 1/3 that of the average adult

96
Q

Infants visual perception (Color Vision)

A

red and green at birth

distinguish all colors by 2 months

97
Q

Infants visual perception (perceiving patterns)

A

prefer patterns (curved over straight lines, 3D over 2D, human faces over nonhuman faces) Fantz

98
Q

Perceptual Constancy(Size Constancy)

A

recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image changes
-some ability at 3 months (binocular vision just beginning to develop)
progress continues until 10-11 years

99
Q

Perceptual Constancy (Shape Constancy)

A

recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation changes
- some ability at 3 months, continue to develop with experience (nurture)

100
Q

Infants Visual Expectations

A

begins at 3 months

expect gravity by 6-8 months “high chair science” replicating their experiment

101
Q

Infants Depth Perception

A

developed by 7-8 months (about time they begin locomoting)

102
Q

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk (1960)

A

“visual cliff”

103
Q

Vision During Childhood

A

improve color detection, visual expecatations, controlling eye movements (for reading)

104
Q

Preschoolers a bit farsighted

A

approx 6 years they can effectively focus and scan

105
Q

Judgement of Objects

A

until 3 or 4 focus on 2D detail
4 and 5 begin looking at surrounding boundaries
6 to 7 look at outside systematically with far less scanning of the inside

106
Q

signs of vision problems

A
  • rubbing eyes, blinking, squinting
  • irritability at games requiring distance vision
  • closing one eye, tiling to see, thrusting head forward to see
107
Q

nearsightedness (myopia)

farsightedness (hyperopia)

A

farsightedness (hyperopia)

108
Q

Aging Vision (starts at 40)

A

Presbyopia (means old eyes) loss of near vision- form of hyperopia
loss of flexibility or elasticity of the lens, loss of accommodation

109
Q

Decreased bloody supply to eye

A

result in smaller visual field and larger blind spot

110
Q

Declining Color Vision

A

in green, blue, and violet part of spectrum

111
Q

Declining Depth Perception

A

problems with steps or curbs

112
Q

Slower Dark Adaptation

A

retina-rods- rhodopsin

113
Q

decreased vision in glare

A
  • sunny days (big/ dark glasses)
  • driving raining nights
  • shiny magazine pages
  • glass covering items in store
114
Q

slower recovery from glare
(young adults < 10 seconds)
(90 years old >1.5 mintues)

A

70 yrs- twice as long
85 yrs- 5 times as long
93 yrs- 17 times as long

115
Q

cataracts

A

thickening eye lens that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted (surgery)

116
Q

glaucoma

A

damage to optic nerve because of pressure created by buildup of fluid in eye. Fluid doesnt drain right or too much fluid is produced (eye-drops)

117
Q

macular degeneration

A

involves deterioration of retina (surgery)

118
Q

Prenatal Hearing

A

can hear by 7 months prenatally
-react to mothers voice and fathers
1986 “cat in the hat study” rhythm
“baby ears”, “baby universities”

119
Q

infancy hearing

A

improve sensitivity to soft sounds, pitches; abilitiy to localixe (bottle propping)

120
Q

childhood hearing

A

danger of otitis medua (eustation tube structure)

121
Q

adolescence

A

most have excellent hearing

Danger from loud music (iPods)

122
Q

adulthood

A

few changes until middle adulthoof

hearing impairment increases with age (especially upper range of pitch)

123
Q

presbycusis

A

loss of the ability to hear sounds of high frequency (12% between 45-65)
men more prone starting at 55

124
Q

decibel comparisons

A 
normal conver 3-5 ft (60-70 dB)
traffic inside car (85dB)
subway 200 ft (95 dB)
avg ipod on half volume (94 dB)
power motor (107)
power saw (110)
rock music 406 ft (120)
jet engine 100 ft (140)
green day concert avg (145)
rock music peak (150)
125
Q

1983 OSHA monitoring requirements

A

begin at 90 dB

126
Q

regular sustained exposure may cause permanent damage?

A

90-95 dB

127
Q

pain decibel begins at

A

125 dB

128
Q

studies have shown

A

people exposed to 85 dB for 8 hours tend to develop hearing loss

129
Q

mowing

A

100 dB

listen to pod 20 dB about that shouldnt listen for more than 8-10 minutes

130
Q

Relations to noise exposure?

A

hypertension and psychological difficulties

131
Q

Incidence of hearing loss in classical musicians and rock musicians

A

4-43%

13-30%

132
Q

Symptoms of hearing loss

A
  • tinnitus
  • find that noises sound muffled
  • (temporary threshold shift) temp hearing loss
  • difficult hearing someone 3 ft away
133
Q

Intermodal Perception

A

ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing

134
Q

Touch and Pain Infancy

A

By 6 months can coordinate vision and touch (curare, curcumcision)
-delayed reaction when younger b/c less developed nervous system)

135
Q

Touch and Pain Older Adults

A

less sensitive to pain and touch in lower extrememities

136
Q

smell (olfaction) infants

A

can differentiate odors at birth, show preferences (strawberry, vanilla)
12-18 days can distinguish mother on basis of smell)

137
Q

smell (olfaction) older adults

A

lose some sense of smell starting at 60

138
Q

taste (Gustation) infants

A

might prefer sweet tastes, show preferences

139
Q

taste (gustation) older adults

A

decline in taste begins in 60’s

-hypertension (high blood pressure)

140
Q

multimodal approach to perception

A

approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated

141
Q

blindness

partial sightedness

A

below 20/200

visual acuity of less than 20/70

142
Q

auditory impairments

speech impairments

A

hearing loss affects 1-2% of school age population

- speech :3-5% of school age population (stuttering

143
Q

peripheral slowing hypothesis

A

theory that suggests that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age (commands from brain to muscles)

144
Q

generalized slowing hypothesis

A

theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient

145
Q

response time slows with age

A

perception of time seems to speed up with age

GPSYC 160 (10 decks)

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