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Science 8 (Miss Reynolds) > Chapter 2: Geology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Geology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the earth

A

Geology

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2
Q

The 3 major layers of the earth based on composition

A

Crust, mantle, and core

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3
Q

Outer layer of the earth made of solid rock

A

Crust

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4
Q

Deposits of sand, mineral fragments, or organic materials usually left by wind or water that can be found in the earth’s crust

A

Sediments

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5
Q

The most abundant element in the earth’s crust

A

Oxygen

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6
Q

Type of crust composed of granite (silica and aluminum oxide)

A

Continental crust

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7
Q

Type of crust composed of basalt and gabbro

A

Oceanic crust

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8
Q

Middle layer of the earth

A

Mantle

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9
Q

Earthquake vibrations used to determine what lies beneath the earth’s crust

A

Seismic waves

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10
Q

Lower boundary of the crust that marks the change in rock density within the earth (Hint: Croatia)

A

Moho, or Mohorovičić discontinuity

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11
Q

The first person to use seismic waves to map the earth’s interior

A

Andrija Mohorovicic

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12
Q

The middle layer of the earth

A

Mantle

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13
Q

The area between the upper and lower mantle that marks where the two portions merge

A

Transition zone

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14
Q

The rocks of the mantle that flow more like a thick, syrupy liquid in slow motion

A

Plastic rock

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15
Q

The deeper you go in the earth, the ____________ the temperature becomes.

A

Higher

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16
Q

The lower boundary of he mantle that marks yet another change in the earth’s density

A

Core-mantle boundary, or Gutenberg discontinuity

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17
Q

The central part of the earth

A

Core

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18
Q

Layer of the core that is assumed to be composed of molten (liquid) iron and nickel

A

Outer core

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19
Q

Layer of the core that is assumed to be composed of solid iron and nickel

A

Inner core

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20
Q

Portions of solid rock that float like rafts on the plastic rock of the upper mantle

A

Tectonic plates

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21
Q

A region of the earth’s crust and upper mantle composed of rigid plates

A

Lithosphere

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22
Q

The plastic rock hat forms the lower portion of the upper mantle

A

Asthenosphere

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23
Q

Theory that the plates and their movements affect geologic structures and processes

A

Plate tectonics

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24
Q

The fracture zone that results from layers of rock breaking and moving due to the strain of forces upon it. The boundary between stationary rocks and moving rocks

A

Fault

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25
Q

Type of fault that occurs when rocks along one side of a fault sink vertically (often results in cliffs)

A

Normal fault

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26
Q

Type of fault that occurs when rocks along one side of a fault move horizontally along a fault

A

Strike-slip fault

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27
Q

Type of fault caused by rocks on one side of a fault being shoved on top of the rocks on the other side.

A

Thrust fault

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28
Q

The result of the bending or buckling of rock under great force

A

Fold

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29
Q

Rocks that bend downward in the folding process for a trough-like structure called a ____________.

A

Syncline

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30
Q

Rocks that buckle upward during folding form an arch-like structure called a(n) ________________.

A

Anticline

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31
Q

Elevated land masses that are higher than hills

A

Mountains

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32
Q

Formed when molten rock erupts from the earth’s crust

A

Volcanic mountains

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33
Q

Formed when molten rock is formed beneath an overlying rock layer, forcing that rock layer upward into a blister like shape

A

Domes mountain

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34
Q

Formed when the edges of two adjacent tectonic plates were pushed together, causing the layers to buckle

A

Folded mountains

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35
Q

Formed when rocks along one side of a fault are forced upward while the rocks on the other side sink

A

Fault-block mountain

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36
Q

Maps that show an area’s elevation, natural features, and man-made structures

A

Topographic maps

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37
Q

A computer system that stores and processes geographic data

A

Geographic information system (GIS)

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38
Q

Earthquakes that result from the sudden movements of rock beneath the earth’s surface

A

Tectonic earthquakes

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39
Q

A weak earthquake

A

Tremor

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40
Q

Smaller earthquakes or tremors

A

Aftershocks

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41
Q

The study of earthquakes

A

Seismology

42
Q

Sudden movement of rock masses along a fault

A

Faulting

43
Q

Theory that rocks on either side of a fault spring back to a position of little or no strain at the moment of an earthquake, triggering vibrations in the earth’s crust

A

Elastic rebound theory

44
Q

Famous strike-slip fault in western California

A

San Andreas fault

45
Q

Rocks along a fault that may be polished smooth by rapid movement of the earth’s crust (due to horizontal pressure)

A

Slickensides

46
Q

The point where an earthquake begins underground

A

Hypocenter

47
Q

The point above ground where an earthquake begins

A

Epicenter

48
Q

The 3 earthquake classifications

A

Shallow-focus, intermediate-focus, and deep-focus

49
Q

The most active narrow belt or zone where nearly 80% of all earthquakes occur

A

Circum-Pacific belt

50
Q

Earthquake zone that stretches from Southern Europe into Asia

A

Alpide belt

51
Q

The fastest earthquake waves that occur in a rhythmic push-pull motion

A

P waves, Primary waves

52
Q

Earthquakes that consist of rhythmic side-to-side motion, occurring at right angles to the direction that the waves travel

A

S waves, secondary waves

53
Q

The slowest earthquake waves that are very similar to ocean waves in their movement

A

Surface waves

54
Q

Instrument used to record earthquakes

A

Seismograph

55
Q

Device connected to a seismograph that detects the earth’s movements

A

Seismometer

56
Q

The record produced by a seismograph

A

Seismogram

57
Q

Computer system that calculates the epicenter and strength of an earthquake and sends out an alert to those who will soon be affected by the earthquake

A

Earthquake early warning system, (EEW system)

58
Q

The scale with twelve degrees of intensity based on human reactions and structural damage (non-mathematical)

A

Modified Mercalli scale (MM)

59
Q

Scale used to measure earthquake strength mathematically

A

Richter magnitude scale (or local magnitude scale)

60
Q

The most reliable method for measuring an earthquake’s magnitude

A

Moment magnitude scale

61
Q

Building systems constructed on bedrock

A

Fixed-based systems

62
Q

Building systems resting on isolators that absorb the seismic energy

A

Base-isolated systems

63
Q

What are the moveable “stilts” that separate a building from its foundation

A

Isolators

64
Q

Engineering devices that are added to structures to absorb some of the seismic energy to lessen the stress on the building, minimizing deformation

A

Energy-dissipating devices

65
Q

An opening in the earth’s surface through which hot gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth’s interior

A

Volcano

66
Q

The channel through which gases, ash, and rock are ejected

A

Vent

67
Q

Molten rock beneath the earth’s surface

A

Magma

68
Q

Reservoir of molten rock located several kilometers beneath the surface

A

Magma chamber

69
Q

What is the actual source of a volcanic eruption?

A

The underground magma chamber

70
Q

The study of volcanoes and volcano-related phenomena

A

Volcanology

71
Q

Scientists who study volcanoes

A

Volcanologists

72
Q

Which kind of volcanoes consist primarily of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments (cinders)?

A

Cinder-cone volcanoes

73
Q

A volcano that pours out large quantities of highly fluid lava in rather mild eruptions produces a broad, gently sloping cone called a…

A

Shield volcano

74
Q

Symmetrical, wide-based mountains that consist of alternating layers of lava and cinders

A

Composite volcanoes (stratovolcanoes)

75
Q

If a volcano has erupted within recorded history or is currently producing seismic activity, it is considered to be

A

Active

76
Q

An inactive volcano that could erupt again is classified as

A

Dormant

77
Q

A volcano that will probably not erupt again is classified as

A

Extinct

78
Q

A narrow zone of active volcanoes that parallels the circum-Pacific belt where more than half of the world’s active volcanoes are in this belt

A

the Ring of Fire

79
Q

The violence of a volcano’s eruption depends upon which two factors?

A
  1. Viscosity of the magma
  2. Amount of dissolved gas in the magma
80
Q

Will magma with low viscosity have a violent or gentle lava flow?

A

Gentle lava flow

81
Q

Will magma with a high viscosity have a violent or gentle lava flow?

A

Violent lava flow

82
Q

Any substance emitted by an active volcano

A

Ejecta

83
Q

What are the three different types of ejecta?

A

Gases, liquids, and solids

84
Q

The molten rock that flows from volcanoes

A

Lava

85
Q

The lava that hardens to form either a smooth surface or a ropy surface

A

Pahoehoe

86
Q

Lava that hardens into rough, jagged rocks with a crumbly texture

A

Aa

87
Q

Occasionally lava is emitted underwater or flows into the ocean or a lake before solidifying almost instantly and forming rounded structures resembling pillows

A

Pillow lava

88
Q

General term for particles or blocks of solid volcanic ejecta

A

Pyroclasts

89
Q

Tiny droplets of lava that form fine Pyroclastic particles less than 2 mm (0.08 in). They are light enough to be carried long distances by the wind.

A

Volcanic ash

90
Q

Ejecta that are larger than 2mm but less than 64mm in diameter

A

Lapilli

91
Q

Solid, irregularly shaped lumps of hardened lava, often large and boulder-like. They form when lava hardens within the volcano.

A

Volcanic blocks

92
Q

Pyroclastic ejecta that form when lava is hurled into the air then hardens into rock before it hits the ground. They have a rounded “almond” or “teardrop” shape

A

Volcanic bombs

93
Q

This phenomenon consists of a superheated cloud of gas and volcanic ash that travels swiftly down the volcanic slope as an avalanche.

A

Pyroclastic flow

94
Q

A scale to measure the explosiveness of a volcano’s eruptions

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)

95
Q

Huge bowl-shaped craters that are thought to form when the magma chamber beneath a volcano is emptied of magma, causing it to collapse under its own weight.

A

Calderas

96
Q

Geological features that form when the surface of a large lava flow hardens but the lava beneath remains molten and continues to flow

A

Lava tunnels (or lava tubes)

97
Q

Magma that forces its way through cracks and weak spots in the rocks surrounding the magma chamber and solidify producing masses of volcanic rock beneath the surface

A

Igneous intrusions

98
Q

When volcanic magma that hardens in a vertical crack or fissure, it forms a vertical, sheet-like mass of igneous rock called a _____.

A

Dike

99
Q

When magma squeezes between two horizontal layers of rock, it forms a horizontal, sheet-like mass of igneous rock called a(n) _______.

A

Sill

100
Q

Unusually stiff magma that does not spread enough to form a sill, instead bulges the overlying rocks upward to produce a dome-like intrusion

A

Laccolith

101
Q

Igneous intrusions similar to laccoliths, but far larger

A

Batholiths

Science 8 (Miss Reynolds) (5 decks)

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