CHAPTER 2 - GRANULOPOIESIS Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
→ release of mature granulocytes in the PB
A
(14 days) blast stage
2
Q
CFU-GM:
A
neutrophils, monocyte
3
Q
CFU-Eo:
A
eosinophil
4
Q
CFU-Baso:
A
lymphoid cell or basophils
5
Q
MYELOBLAST STAINS
A
A. Esterase
B. Peroxidase
C. Sudan B
6
Q
- identify myeloid cells and granulocytes
A
- Specific
7
Q
- identify or test the presence of monoblasts and monocytes
A
- Non-specific
8
Q
- included w/ primary granules; fights foreign substances (fs) together with azurophilic stain
A
- Myeloperoxidase
9
Q
- attaches to lipids
A
Sudan B
10
Q
Life span in the BM: 9 - 10 days
A
Segmented Neutrophils
11
Q
Approx. 7 hrs in the blood then migrates to the tissues (migration does NOT reverse) - DIAPEDESIS
A
Segmented Neutrophils
12
Q
Migration - irreversible
A
Segmented Neutrophils
13
Q
“End-stage cell”
A
Segmented Neutrophils
14
Q
- w/o inflammation (macrophage)
A
Apoptosis
15
Q
BONE MARROW
Mitotic pool (2 - 3 days):
Maturation pool (5 - 7 days):
Storage pool (11 days):
A
Stem cells, Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte, bands, segmenters
Mature neutrophils
16
Q
CIRCULATION
Marginating pool (50%):
Circulating (50%):
Release of Neutrophils from the BM
A
attached to the blood vessel lining
in the blood
17
Q
(adhere to the walls of bood vessels; NOT included in the WBC count)
A
50% Neutrophils - marginal pool
18
Q
Small percentage of bands are normally released along w/
A
mature PMNs
19
Q
TYPES OF NEUTROPHILIC GRANULES
A
- Primary Granules
20
Q
membrane-bound lysosomes; surface; all are anti-bacterial
A
- Primary Granules
- Secondary Granules
- Tertiary Granules
21
Q
- Primary Granules Contain the ff. enzymes:
A
Acid Phosphatase
Peroxidase (Myeloperoxidase)
Esterase (Specific Esterase)
B-galactosidase
Arylsulfatase
Lysozyme
Sulfated mucosubstance
Other Basic Proteins
B12 Protein
Neuramidase
22
Q
- Secondary Granules Contain the ff. enzymes/substances:
A
Aminopeptidase
Collagenase
Muramidase
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
ALP - appears at late myelocyte stage
NO PEROXIDASE
23
Q
- Tertiary Granules Contain the ff. enzymes/substances:
A
ALP (alkaline phosphatase)
24
Q
FUNCTIONS OF SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL
A
Phagocytosis of foreign material and infectious agents (main function
Defense mechanism against foreign substances
OPSONINS
25
Phagocytosis is facilitated by means of:
CHEMOKINESIS
CHEMOTAXIS
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- random locomotion (invasion of fs) = circulating pool
CHEMOKINESIS
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- direct locomotion (release of opsonin that stimulates chemotais) = marginal pool
CHEMOTAXIS
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possible only if the cell is attached to a surface
CHEMOTAXIS
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brought about by chemotactic factors
CHEMOTAXIS
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examples of chemotactic factors:
Secretions from transformed lymphocytes and macrophages
Endotoxins and other bacterial products
Release of activated complement (proteins)
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- specific antibodies (Ig-GMA), complement, etc.
OPSONINS
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enhances phagocytosis and increase chemotaxis by coating foreign particles
OPSONINS
33
allows phagocytes to distinguish foreign materials from damaged cells
OPSONINS
34
PROCESS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
1. Recognition
2. Formation of phagosome
3. Ingestion
4. Fusion of lysosome and phagosome
7. Exocytosis
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- chemotactic factors
1. Recognition
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- engulfing of fs
2. Formation of phagosome
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- swallowing
3. Ingestion
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- formation of phagolysosome
4. Fusion of lysosome and phagosome
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- elimination of by products
7. Exocytosis
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CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEUTTROPHILS
1. Neutrophilia
2. Neutropenia
3. Motility of the neutrophil
4. Immune Disorders Related to Neutrophil
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absolute increase in the number of neutrophils
Neutrophilia
42
extreme exercise - decreases the proportion of neutrophils in the marginal pool
Neutrophilia
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certain drugs
Neutrophilia
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infection increases influx of cells from the storage pool (excess rate of outlflow)
Neutrophilia
45
absolute decrease in the number of neutrophils
Neutropenia
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certain drugs - increase the number of neutrophils that enter the marginal pool
Neutropenia
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severe infection
Neutropenia
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decreased production in the BM from congenital causes, cytotoxic drugs, or aplastic anemia
Neutropenia
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increased loss of WBCs (splenomegaly)
Neutropenia
50
inflammation of the spleen
thinner gaps, accumulation of neutrophils outside the spleen
splenomegaly
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Motility of the neutrophil
Non-directional
Directional
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- zigzag motion
Non-directional
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- chemotaxis is involved
Directional
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Immune Disorders Related to Neutrophil
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
Job's Syndrome
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- nonmotile; problem in development; detects foreign maerials
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
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- nonmotile; cannot detect foreign materials
Job's Syndrome
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Life span: 8 hours half-life in blood-> tissues (6 days)
Eosinophil
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May re-enter circulation
Eosinophil
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Tissue eosinophil 100 X more numerous than total eosinophil in the blood.
Eosinophil
60
These tissue eosinophils are found mostly in the
skin, nasal membrane, lungs, GIT (migration sites of parasites)
61
FUNCTIONS OF EOSINOPHIL
Phagocytosis of parasites such as helminths and round worms
Dampen inflammatory & hypersensitivity responses
Inactivate substances produced by basophils and mast cells/prevent basophil & mast cell
Destroy larval stages of helminths
Stores plasminogen
62
by product: - interference in microscopy
Charcot Leyden Crystals
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: crystals formed after prolonged eosinophilic inflammatory reaction
Charcot-Leyden crystals
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- related to Hodgkin's Lymphoma (main cause: fibrosis and released by eosinophils)
TNF-a and IL-3,6,8
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localizes in areas exposed to the external environment (eg. skin, nasal membrane, lungs, GIT)
Eosinophil
66
metabolically more active than the neutrophil
Eosinophil
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receptors for complement and IgG are found on fewer cells
Eosinophil
68
TYPES OF EOSINOPHILIC GRANULES
1. Large Granules
2. Small Granules
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contain a dense, elliptical crystalloid core
1. Large Granules
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consist of a major basic protein (toxic to helminth parasites and to th body’s tissues)
1. Large Granules
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anti-bacterial; allergic reactions
2. Small Granules
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2. Small Granules
Contain the ff:
Peroxidase
B-glucuronidase
Acid B-glycerophosphatase
Arylsulfatase
Phospholipase
Acid phosphatase
Ribonuclease
Cathepsin
73
Contains [?] - inactivates leukotrienes
Arylsulfatase
74
Contains [?] - inactivates platelet-activating factor
Phospholipase D
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Contains [?] - inactivates histamine from mast cells
Histamine
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Neutralize [?] (does not cause clotting) through the action of MBP
heparin
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FUNCTIONS OF BASOPHIL
1. Mediate [?] and immediate [?]
2. Also involved in some [?] (lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity)
1. inflammatory (histamine) response; hypersensitivity reaction
2. delayed hypersensitivity reaction
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Type I (hay fever)
immediate hypersensitivity reaction
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Type IV (arthus reaction, contact allergy) – signs and symptoms appear after 24 hrs
delayed hypersensitivity reaction
80
BT-L involvement
delayed hypersensitivity reaction
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Widely distributed throughout the body (skin, lung tissues: sample, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow) – most abundant
Mast Cells
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Not normally present in PB (migrates in the circulation)
Mast Cells
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Slightly larger than basophils
Mast Cells
84
Round or oval nucleus with purple granules (less water-soluble)
Mast Cells
85
Non-specific
Mast Cells
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Not counted in cell count
Mast Cells
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Connective tissue cells of mesenchymal origin
Mast Cells
88
Not a leukocyte nor a granulocyte
Mast Cells
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Mast Cell Substances
Proteolytic enzymes
Serotonin
Histamine and Heparin
90
– lyses proteins and helps in anti-bacterial activities
Proteolytic enzymes
91
– most important
Histamine and Heparin
92
Mast Cells Function:
allergic response and anti-inflammatory
93
Mast Cells Granules:
smaller, more numerous, and less water-soluble
94
FUNCTIONS OF BASOPHIL AND MAST CELLS
1. Basophils and mast cells have specific receptors for [?] triggering degranulation with the release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity
2. Basophils bind with [?] to initiate release of histamine
3. Both functions similarly in [?].
4. Participate in [?] immune reactions.
IgE
IgG
inflammatory processes
immediate and delayed hypersensitivity
95
TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
Initial Response
Late Phase Reaction
96
Initial Response:
Vasodilation
Vascular leakage
Smooth muscle spasm
97
Late Phase Reaction
Mucosal edema (allergic rhinitis, runny nose)
Mucus secretion
Leukocyte infiltration (pus formation)
Epithelial damage
Bronchoplasm (asthma)
98
(allergic rhinitis, runny nose)
Mucosal edema
99
(pus formation)
Leukocyte infiltration
100
(asthma)
Bronchoplasm
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Monocyte Granules:
ACP, B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, lipase, peroxidase
102
Monocyte Lifespan:
PB (12/70 hrs) →tissues
103
Randomly leaves the circulation (macrophages: free/fixed)
Monocyte
104
Kupffer cell –
liver
105
Histiocyte –
tissues
106
Osteoclasts –
bones
107
Microglial cells –
108
Langerhans cells –
skin
109
FUNCTIONS OF MONOCYTE AND MACROPHAGE
1. Make up the [?]
2. Both are with receptor for the Fc portion of [?] (important for antigen presentation) and C3 complement (antigen-antibody reaction)
3. [?] activity
4. Remove [?] red cells
5. Participate in [?]
6. Can kill [?]
7. Secrete various substances (?)
8. [?]
RES/Mononuclear Phagocyte System
IgG
Cellular and humoral
damaged and old
iron metabolism
malignant cells and tumor cells
interferon and transcobalamin II
Phagocytosis
110
Phagocytosis:
Defense against [?]
Removal of [?]
Participation in
Processes Ag info for [?]
Production and [?]
microorganisms and tumor cells
damaged and old cells, plasma proteins and plasma lipids
Iron metabolism
lymphocytes recognition
secretion
111
Processes Ag info for lymphocytes recognition:
[?] (APC)
Interact w/ Ag by [?]
Secrete lymphocyte stimulating factor (?)
Antigen presenting cells
membrane attachment
Interleukin-1
112
Production and secretion of:
Different [?]
[?] (primary transport for Vit. B12)
[?] (promote proliferation of myeloid stem cells)
[?] [↑ body temp – fever] and [?] [antibacterial] = both suppress T-cell reaction)
enzymes
Transcobalamin II
CSF
Pyrogen, prostaglandins
