Chapter 2 - HMS and Corrective exercise/ Lengthening techniques

Question 1

Agonist

Answer 1

A muscle that acts as the prime mover for a given movement pattern

Question 2

Antagonist

Answer 2

A muscles that acts in direct opposition of the agonist

Question 3

Synergist

Answer 3

muscles in this role assist the agonist but are not supposed to be the primary source of force production

Question 4

Stabilizer

Answer 4

muscles in this role help support associated joints while the prime movers and synergists contract to create movement

Question 5

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 5

When an agonist contracts, its functional antagonist relaxes to allow movement to occur at a joint

Question 6

Eccentric muscle action

Answer 6

Occurs when a muscle generates force while lengthening to decelerate an external load

Question 7

Concentric muscle action

Answer 7

occurs when a muscle generates force while shortening to accelerate an external load

Question 8

Isometric muscle action

Answer 8

Occurs when a muscle generates force equal to an external load to hold it in place

Question 9

Isolated muscle function

Answer 9

the joint motion created when a muscle contracts eccentrically or isometrically

Question 10

Muscle innervation

Answer 10

A muscle’s point of connection to the nervous system

Question 11

Motor behavior

Answer 11

The HMS’s response to internal and external environmental stimuli

Question 12

Motor control

Answer 12

The study of posture and movements with the involved structures and mechanisms used by the CNS to assimilate & integrate sensory information with previous experiences

Question 13

Motor learning

Answer 13

The utilization of these processes through practice & experience leading to a relatively permanent change in a person’s capacity to produce skilled movements

Question 14

Motor development

Answer 14

The change in motor behavior over time throughout a person’s life span

Question 15

Sensations

Answer 15

a process by which sensory information is received by the receptor & transferred either to the spinal cord for reflexive motor behavior, to higher cortical areas for processing or both.

Question 16

Perceptions

Answer 16

the integration of sensory information w/ past experiences or memories

Question 17

Afferent

Answer 17

Sensory neurons that carry signals from sensory stimuli toward the CNS

Question 18

Efferent

Answer 18

Motor neurons that carry signals from the CNS toward muscles to create movement

Question 19

Knowledge of results

Answer 19

used after the completion of a movement to inform individuals about the outcome of their performance

Question 20

Knowledge of performance

Answer 20

provides information about the quality of the movement

Question 21

Sarcomere

Answer 21

the functional unit of a muscle made up of overlapping actin & myosin filaments

Question 22

Neural drive

Answer 22

the rate & volume of activation signals a muscle receives from the CNS

Question 23

Overactive/shortened

Answer 23

occurs when elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction

Question 24

Underactive/lengthened

Answer 24

occurs when inhibited neural drive allows a muscle’s functional antagonist to pull it into a chronically elongated state

Question 25

Muscle imbalance

Answer 25

Alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint

Question 26

Cumulative Injury cycle

Answer 26

a cycle whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesion, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances

Question 27

Muscles that make up the LPHC joint support system

Answer 27

``` Transversus abdominis, Multifidus, Internal Oblique, Psoas, Diaphragm, Pelvic floor muscles ```

Question 28

Local muscular system

Answer 28

Made up of muscles that attach directly to the spine

Question 29

Type I muscle fibers

Answer 29

Most suitable for: endurance, balance, slow movement training w parameters of long duration, light resistance, low load, and slow velocity

Question 30

Global muscular system

Answer 30

Predominantly responsible for movement & consists of more superficial tissues that originate from the pelvis to the rib cage, the lower extremities, or both

Question 31

Type II muscle fibers

Answer 31

Most suitable for: strength, coordination, agility, and fast velocity training w a large variety of movement patterns and parameters of short duration across a spectrum of light to heavy resistance and loads

Question 32

Major muscles of Global muscular system

Answer 32

``` Rectus abdominis External obliques Erector Spinae Hamstring complex Gluteus maximus Latissimus dorsi Adductors Quadriceps Gastrocnemius ```

Question 33

Major soft tissue of the Deep longitudinal subsystem

Answer 33

``` Erector Spinae, Thoracolumbar Fascia, Sacrotuberous ligament, Biceps femoris, Tibialis anterior, Fibularis (peroneus) longus ```

Question 34

5 kinetic check points

Answer 34

1. Foot and ankle: Neutral arch of the foot (not flattened and toes not scrunched), feet parallel and pointing straight ahead, hip-to-shoulder width apart 2. Knee: In line with the second and third toes of each foot and not flexed or hyperextended 3. Lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC): Neutral sagittal hip position (no excessive posterior or anterior tilt) and hips level in the frontal plane 4. Shoulders and thoracic spine: Not rounded forward and in line with the hips and ears from a lateral viewpoint 5. Head and cervical spine: Neutral cervical spine (no excessive forward positioning of the neck), ears in line with the shoulders, and a level chin