Chapter 2: Immunity and the Lymphatic System Flashcards
(26 cards)
What are two structures in skin that make it a physical barrier for non-specific resistance
Sweat glands and mucous membranes
List 3 circulating molecules that function as non-specific resistance
- Interferon (released by damaged cells to attract phagocytes)
- Perforins (create holes in bacterial membrane)
- Interleukins (stimulates lymphocytes)
List 3 white blood cells that function as “patrolling cells”
Macrophages/ Neutrophils/ Natural Killer Cells
What is a fever? List two types of fever and their respective temperature ranges
Body’s effort to destroy viral or bacterial infection. A fever is the result of histamine release combined with serotonin which creates more cellular activity which results in heat.
Low Grade Fever (99-102)
High Grade Fever (102+) More dangerous, medical intervention potentially necessary
What are two features that distinguish lymphocytes
Specificity and Memory
What are 3 things that an antibody may do to a foreign body?
Neutralization- Neutralize the threat, make it non-harmful
Opsonization- attraction of phagocytes
Agglutination- “glues” the threat together
What is self tolerance?
Occurs during the neonatal period (first two months of life). Individual tolerates their own antigens and keeps lymphocytes that attack only their target
What is self recognition?
Don’t attack self, only keep lymphocytes that attack their threat
What is auto-immunity? What is the most common disease of this type?
Attacks self, most common is lupus which attacks DNA and RNA
What is Immunodeficiency? List a type of immunodeficiency
Individual lacks the ability to attack, i.e. HIV
What is hypersensitivity?
Over-reaction to a threat, target is correct but system attacks too much
What is type 1 Hypersensitivity?
Anaphylactic (most common type of allergy); IgE is released and binds to mast cells which secrete histamines, hapten permanently binds to IgE which can result in loads of histamine being released i.e. bee sting, hives, hay fever 15-30 minute rxn time
What is type 2 Hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic; IgG or IgM involved, caused by massive exposure to non-self antigens i.e.: bad transfusions, transplants etc. Minutes to Hours rxn time
What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
Immune Complex; basement membrane IgG or IgM, antibody/antigen complex forms a soluble mass known as immune complexes. They can deposit in tissues and blood vessels where they trigger inflammation and tissue destruction. i.e. glomerulonephritis, which is often a result after a strep infection where these immune complexes affect the kidneys. 3-8 hour rxn time
What is type 4 Hypersensitivity?
Delayed; caused by antigen presenting cells i.e. poison ivy 48-72 hr rxn time
List the 4 types of transplants and what they are
Autograft (self) Isograft (relative) Allograft (unrelated person) Xenograft (another species/animal)
List characteristics of Hodgkins lymphoma
Hodgkins Lymphoma- presence of Reed-Sternberg cell (large, abnormal lymphocytes that may contain more than one nucleus) Genetically linked; presents with non-painful swelling of lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, itchy skin, coughing, trouble breathing, unexplained weight loss. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow and/or stem cell transplant. Most frequently diagnosed in patients between 15-40 and after 55.
List the 4 stages AIDS and a factor of each stage
Primary HIV (flu-like symptoms for a week) Secondary HIV (asymptomatic, can last years) Symptomatic HIV (something triggers HIV to begin killing helper T-cells, individual feels very sick) Full Blown AIDS (T-Cell count of less than 200 with accompanying indicator disease)
List characteristics of non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma- no evidence of Reed-Sternberg cells, cancer of the lymphocytes. Risk factors include weakened immune system and certain infections. S/S are exactly like Hodgkins lymphoma, treatment is the same as well. Most frequently diagnosed in patients older than 60
Describe function of IgG
Principal component of the primary and secondary response to an antigen. Crosses the placenta and protects the fetus, activates complement. Active in Type 2 and 3 hypersensitivities.
Describe function of IgM
First antibody produced in the primary response to the antigen, activates complement. Active in Type 2 and 3 hypersensitivities
Describe function of IgA
Protects mucosal surfaces by interfering with the ability of pathogens to adhere to cells.
Describe function of IgE
Stimulates release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammation and allergic responses. Active in Type 1 hypersensitivity
Describe function of IgD
Activates B cells
