Chapter 4: Neoplasms

Question 1

4 important genes in the initiation process

Answer 1

Proto-oncogenes/ DNA repair genes/tumor suppressor genes/ Suicide genes

Question 2

3 steps of transformation

Answer 2

Initiation/ Promotion/ Progression

Question 3

4 ways of identifying that promotion is occurring

Answer 3

Mitotic figures(increased # of cells looking like they want to divide)/ Hyperchromatism/ Atypia/ Penetration (into neighboring cells)

Question 4

4 risk factors that promote cancer potential

Answer 4

Heredity/ Environment/ Viral Infections/ Physical Condition

Question 5

How many grades of cancer are there? What is the “most altered” cell grade?

Answer 5

4 grades, grade 4 is the most altered

Question 6

What do the letters in TNM stand for?

Answer 6

Tumor size and involvement
Nodal Involvement (lymph nodes)
Metastasis (has the cancer found another site)

Question 7

What 6 categories of treatments are available for cancer treatment?

Answer 7

Surgery/ Radiation therapy/ chemotherapy/hormone therapy/immunotherapy/holistic therapy

Question 8

What 4 types of surgery are available for treatment of cancer

Answer 8

Resection
Electrical Incision
Radiofrequency ablation (laser)
IORT- intraoperative radiation therapy

Question 9

What 3 types of radiation therapy are available for cancer treatment

Answer 9

Cobalt guns
Focused exposure
Brachytherapy

Question 10

What 3 types of chemotherapy are available for cancer treatment

Answer 10

Whole Body Infusion
Liposomes (target specific tissues using tumor markers)
Alcohol sclerosing treatment- direct injection of alcohol into nervous tissue, drinks it up and dies

Question 11

2 types of hormone therapy

Answer 11

Inhibition of hormone

Supplemental hormone

Question 12

2 types of immunotherapy

Answer 12

Immune surveillance

Interleukin (stimulates lymphocytes)

Question 13

2 types of holistic therapy

Answer 13

Holistics- using natural remedies

Homeopathy- distill and concentrate the natural remedy