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PSY 120 > Chapter 2 - Introduction to Major Perspectives > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Introduction to Major Perspectives Flashcards

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1
Q

What is integrative psychology?

A

psychology that combines the nature and actions of mind, body, and spirit

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2
Q

What do biological psychologists study?

A

measure biological, physiological, or genetic variables in an attempt to relate them to psychological or behavioural variables

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3
Q

What are the key areas of interest in biological psychology? (10)

A
  • sensation and perception
  • motivated behaviour (hunger, thirst, sex)
  • control of movement
  • learning and memory
  • sleep and biological rhythms
  • emotions
  • language
  • reasoning
  • decision making
  • consciousness
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4
Q

What is autoethnography?

A

a narrative approach to introspective analysis

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5
Q

what does a reductionist believe?

A

the simple is the source of the complex; to explain a complex phenomenon, it needs to be reduced to its elements

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6
Q

What does a holist believe?

A

the whole is more than the sum of the parts

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7
Q

What do cognitive psychologists rely on?

A

rely on the functionalist insights in discussing how affect, or emotion, and environment or events interact and result in specific perceptions

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8
Q

What is the frontal lobe of the brain involved in? (3)

A
  • motor skills
  • higher level cognition
  • expressive language
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9
Q

What is the occipital lobe of the brain involved in?

A

interpreting visual stimuli and information

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10
Q

what is the parietal lobe of the brain involved in?

A

processing of tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain

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11
Q

what is the temporal lobe of the brain involved in?

A

the interpretation of the sounds and languages we hear

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12
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

the actions of the skeletal muscles

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14
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

autonomic processes such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure

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15
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system control?

A

the fight-or-flight response, a reflex that prepares the body to respond to danger in the environment

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17
Q

what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

works to bring the body back to its normal state after a fight-or-flight response

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18
Q

what is visual attention?

A

the brain’s ability to selectively filter unattended or unwanted information from reaching awareness

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19
Q

What did Sigmund Freud suggest about psychological processes?

A

psychological processes are flows of psychological energy (libido) in a complex brain

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20
Q

What does Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis assume?

A

much of mental life is unconscious, and past experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person feels and behaves throughout life

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21
Q

what is consciousness?

A

the awareness of the self in space and time; human awareness of both internal and external stimuli

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22
Q

phenomenal vs access conscious experiences

A

phenomenal: in the moment
access: recalls experiences from memory

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23
Q

What does the conscious level consist of?

A

all the things we are aware of, including things that we know about ourselves and our surroundings

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24
Q

what does the preconscious consist of?

A

the things we could pay conscious attention to if we so desired, and where many memories are stored for easy retrieval

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25
How does Freud describe the preconscious?
those thoughts that are unconscious at the particular moment in question, but that are not repressed and are therefore available for recall and easily capable of becoming conscious
26
What does the unconscious consist of?
things that are outside of conscious awareness, including many memories, thoughts, and urges of which we are not aware
27
How do developmental psychologists view consciousness?
as not a single entity, but a developmental process with potential higher stages of cognitive, moral, and spiritual quality
28
How do social psychologists view consciousness?
as a product of cultural influence having little to do with the individual
29
how do neuropsychologists view consciousness?
as ingrained in neural systems and organic brain structures
30
How do cognitive psychologists view consciousness?
base their understanding of consciousness on computer science
31
What is psychoanalysis?
a type of analysis that involves attempting to affect behavioural change through having patients talk about their difficulties
32
What concepts did Carl Jung introduce? (3)
- the archetype - the collective unconscious - individuation
33
what does the active imagination refer to?
activating our imaginal processes in waking life in order to tap into the unconscious meanings of our symbols
34
what are archetypes?
primordial images that reflect basic patterns or universal themes common to us all and that are present in the unconscious. exist outside of space and time
35
what does the anima archetype symbolize?
the unconscious female component of the male psyche
36
what does the animus archetype symbolize?
the unconscious male component of the female psyche
37
what does the self archetype symbolize?
the totality of personality, represents striving for unity, wholeness, and integration
38
what is the persona archetype?
the mask or image a person present to the world while concealing their true nature
39
what is the shadow archetype?
the side of a personality that a person does not consciously display in public
40
what are dreams?
specific expressions of the unconscious that have a definite, purposeful structure indicating an underlying idea or intention
41
What are complexes?
unconscious and repressed emotionally toned symbolic material that is incompatible with consciousness
42
what did Jung believe about humans?
a human being is inwardly whole, but that most people have lost touch with important parts of themselves
43
what is individuation?
the process of integrating the conscious with the unconscious, synergizing the many parts of the psyche
44
What did the mandala symbolize for Jung?
the mandala was a symbol of wholeness, completeness, and perfection, and symbolized the self
45
What two types of unconscious did Jung define?
- personal unconscious: appears in overt behaviour or in dreams - collective unconscious: assumes that the history of the human race, back to the most primitive times, live on in all people
46
what is the word association test?
a research technique used by Jung to explore the complexes in the personal unconscious
47
what are the aspects of an introvert?
inner-directed, needs privacy and space; chooses solitude to recover energy; often reflective
48
what are the aspects of an extravert?
outer-directed; needs sociability; chooses people as a source of energy; often action-oriented
49
what are the components of the thinking function?
logical; sees cause and effect relations; cool, distant, frank, and questioning
50
what are the components of the feeling function?
creative, warm, intimate; has a sense of valuing positivity or negativity
51
what are the components of the sensing function?
sensory; oriented toward the body and senses; detailed, concrete, present
52
what are the components of the intuiting function?
sees many possibilities in situations; goes with hunches; impatient with earthy details; impractical; sometimes not present
53
what is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions
54
what does latent content in a dream relate to?
relates to deep unconscious wishes or fantasies
55
what does manifest content in a dream refer to?
superficial and meaningless things within a dream
56
what does the threat simulation theory suggest?
dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defence mechanism
57
what does expectation fulfillment theory suggest?
dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals (however minor) that haven't been expressed during the day
58
what does the activation-synthesis theory suggest?
dreams don't actually mean anything, and are merely brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories
59
what does continual-activation theory suggest?
dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis. the function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory through the process of consolidation
60
what is the purpose of the study of neural correlates of consciousness?
link activity within the brain to subjective human experiences in the physical world
61
what does classical conditioning refer to?
as we learn, we alter the way we perceive our environment, the way we interpret the incoming stimuli, and therefore the way we interact or behave
62
what does operant conditioning refer to?
how an organism operates in the environment or how it responds to what is presented to it in the environment
63
what does reinforcement refer to?
any stimulus which strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response
64
what does positive reinforcement involve?
adding something in order to increase a response (praise and reward)
65
what does negative reinforcement involve?
taking something negative away in order to increase a response
66
what does punishment refer to?
adding something aversive in order to decrease a behaviour (discipline)
67
what does extinction involve?
removing something in order to decrease a behaviour
68
what does the law of effect state?
if an association is followed by satisfaction, it will be strengthened, and if it is followed by annoyance, it will be weakened
69
what does the law of use state?
the more often an association is used, the stronger it becomes
70
what does the law of disuse state?
the longer an association is unused, the weaker it becomes
71
what is the law of recency?
the most recent response is most likely to reoccur
72
what is radical behaviourism?
the philosophy of the science of behaviour that seeks to understand behaviour as a function of environmental histories of reinforcing consequences
73
what was the Skinner Box used for?
to measure responses of organisms and their orderly interactions with the environment
74
what is humanistic psychology?
a hopeful, constructive view of human beings and of their substantial capacity to be self-determining
75
what do humanistic psychologists strive for?
strive to enhance the human qualities of choice, creativity, the interaction of the body, mind, and spirit, and the capacity to become more aware, free, responsible, life-affirming, and trustworthy
76
What is client-centred therapy? who was it created by?
Carl Rogers created client-centred therapy, which relies on clients' capacity for self-direction, empathy, and acceptance to promote clients' development
77
what does gestalt therapy focus on?
the skills and techniques that permit an individual to be more aware of their feelings
78
what are the 5 characteristics of the fully functioning person identified by Rogers?
1. open to experiences 2. existential living 3. trust feelings 4. creativity 5. fulfilled life
79
what do cognitive-behavioural therapy techniques focus on?
helping individuals challenge their patterns and beliefs and replace erroneous thinking, such as overgeneralizing, magnifying negatives, or catastrophizing, with more realistic and effective thoughts, thus decreasing self-defeating emotions and behaviours
80
what is the psychological definition of attention?
a state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information
81
what is procedural memory?
memory for the performance of particular types of action, often activated on a subconscious level
82
what is semantic memory?
the encyclopedic knowledge that a person possesses
83
what is episodic memory?
memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated. contains all memories that are temporal in nature
84
what is divided attention?
a person's ability to focus on two are more things at one time

PSY 120 (4 decks)

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