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Second Sem-1st year > Chapter 2-IT > Flashcards

Chapter 2-IT Flashcards

The system unit,Processing,and memory

1
Q

Digital data representation

A

The process of representing data in digital form so it can be understood by a computer

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2
Q

Pixel

A

Picture elements

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3
Q

Bit rate

A

The number of bits transferred per second when the file is played

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4
Q

Data rate

A

How long it takes to transfer data

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5
Q

Machine Language

A

Binary based language for representing computer programs the computer can execute directly

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6
Q

System unit

A

Main case of a computer or mobile device
Houses the processing hardware for a computer
contains components such as storage devices, the power supply, cooling hardware, one/more processors, several types of memory and interfaces to peripheral devices

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7
Q

Inside a Tablet

A

Processor-contains a CPU and GPU
Chips-Provide memory,storage,Wi-Fi and bluetooth connectivityand GPS capability
Ports-Connect HDMI and USB devices

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8
Q

Motherboard

A

Is a circuit board consisting of computer chips, also integrated circuits(ICS)-they contain transistors to perform particular functions

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9
Q

How do wireless connect

A

Either a transceiver(dongle) or wireless networking technology

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10
Q

Drive bays

A

Rectangular metal racks inside the system unit that houses storage devices
Hard drive, CD/DVD drive ,flash memory card reader

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11
Q

What processes do portable devices use

A

Intel or Advanced Micro Devices(processors) or Advanced RISC Machine

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12
Q

Multi-core CPU

A

Contain the processing components (cores) of multiple independent processors in a single CPU
Allows computers to work on more than one task at a time
Use slower ones to reduce heat problems

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13
Q

GPU

A

Takes care of the processing needed to display images
Can be located on motherboard

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14
Q

Processing speed

A

Measured by clocks speed
Higher CPU clock speed more instructions processed per second

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15
Q

Computer word

A

The amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time

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16
Q

Cache memory

A

A special group of very fast circuitary usually built into the CPU(internal cache memory)
More cache memory=faster processing

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17
Q

A bus

A

Is an electronic path over which data can travel

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18
Q

Bus width

A

Number of wires in the bus over which data can travel
Wider bus allows more data to be transferred at one time

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19
Q

Bus bandwidth

A

The amount of data that can be transferred via the bus in a given time period
bus speed and width determine it

20
Q

Throughput

A

The amount of data actually transferred under real life conditions

21
Q

Memory

A

Chip based storage or locations that a computer uses to store data on a temporary basis

22
Q

RAM

A

Main memory or system memory
Stores essential parts of OS, programs, and data the computer is currently using
Consists of electronic circuits etched onto chips
Servers and personal computers use circuit boards called memory modules plugged into the motherboard

23
Q

Non-volatile RAM

A

Magnetic Ram-uses magnetic polarization
Memristor-based RAM uses memristors(short for memory resistors) that change resistance in response to current
Resistive RAM-uses 3 layers with the middle layers have a different resistance to the others
NRAM uses carbon nanotubes
Phase change RAM-changes state when heat is applied

24
Q

Registers

A

High-speed memory location built into the CPU
Used to store data and intermediary results during processing
Fastest type of memory

25
ROM
Consists of non-volatile chips located on the motherboard into which data/programs have been permanently stored Retrieved by the computer when needed Being replaced with flash memory
26
Flash memory
Consists of nonvolatile memory chips that can be used for storage Replacing ROM for BIOs
27
Expansion vs memory vs front side bus
Expansion-Connects the motherboard to peripheral(typically input and output) devices Memory bus connects the CPU directly to RAM FSB connects the CPU to the chipset(a set of chips that connect the CPU to the rest of the bus architecture)
28
Ports and connectors
A port is a connector on the exterior of a computers system unit to which a device may be attached VGA and DVI
29
Hot-swappable
Those devices that can be removed and installed while the server is running without affecting the rest of the server's capabilities
30
Transistor
The key element of the microprocessor Made of semi-conductor material that controls the flow of electrons inside a chip
31
Moore's Law
Predicts the number of transistors per square inch on chips had doubled every 2 years and that trend would continue
32
Alu vs floating point unit(fpu)
A:Performs arithmetic involving integers and logical operations F:Performs decimal arithmetic
33
Control vs prefetch vs decode
CU-Coordinates and controls activities within a CPU core PRE-Attempts to retrieve data and instructions before they are needed for processing in order to avoid delays DEC-Translates instructions from the prefetch unit so that they are understood by the CU,ALU,FPU
34
Registers and internal cache memory
Store data and instructions needed by the CPU
35
Bus interface unit
Allows the core to communicate with other CPU components
36
System clock
A timing mechanism within the computer system that synchronizes the computer's operations
37
Machine cycle
Occurs whenever the CPU processes a single piece of microcode fetch, decode, execute and store
38
Computer repair best practices
Antistatic mat and grounding wrist strap Do not remove or install components while computer is still on Work on bare floor Do not touch chips/expansion boards with a magnetized screwdriver Keep installation/maintenance CDs and disks away from magnetic fields, heat and cold
39
Multiprocessing
Each processor or core typically works on a different job yo process these jobs faster than with a single processor
40
Parallel processing
Multiple processors /cores work together to process a single job as fast as possible
41
Multithreading
The ability of a CPU(or software) to execute multiple streams of instructions(called threads) within a single program same time
42
Nanotechnology
Is the science of creating tiny computers and components less than no nanometers in size
43
High-performance(terascale/exascale computing )
The ability of a computer to process one trillion floating point operations per second (teraflops) Exascale computing that can process data at exaflop speeds
44
Quantum Computing
Utilizes atoms /nuclei working together as quantum bits(qubits) Function simultaneously as the computer's processor and memory and can represent more than 2 states
45
Optical comps
Can be smaller and faster than eletronic computers Opto-electronic computers use both optical and electronic components
46
Silicon photonics
Expected to be used to transfer very large quantities of data at very high speeds between chips in servers, mainframes and supercomputers

Second Sem-1st year (27 decks)

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