Chapter 2 Lecture 4 - Organic Compounds, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleotides

Question 1

Organic Compound

Answer 1

Any compound containing Carbon and any functional group

Question 2

Why carbon?

Answer 2

1. Common
2. 4 Valence electrons
3. Binds to other carbons, forms complex backbones
4. Forms variety of covalent bonds
5. Versatile (can bond to many other atoms)

Question 3

Functional Group

Answer 3

Small cluster of atoms that determines properties of organic compounds

Question 4

Examples of Functional Groups

Answer 4

Hydroxyl
Methyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate

Question 5

Monomer

Answer 5

Single building block of a larger molecule, can exist independently

Question 6

Dimer

Answer 6

Two monomers bound together

Question 7

Oligomers

Answer 7

Small group of bound monomers (<10)

Question 8

Polymers

Answer 8

Long chain of monomers (>10)

Question 9

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 9

Reaction that forms polymers by chemically combining monomer units

Question 10

What is released during Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 10

Water

Question 11

Process of Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 11

2 OH groups react, H2O is released, remaining O binds monomers

Question 12

Hydrolysis

Answer 12

Large reactant is broken down to form smaller products through addition of water.

Question 13

What are the four major macromolecules

Answer 13

Lipids
Carbs
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Question 14

What are carbs made out of

Answer 14

Carbon, and 2:1 ratio of H to O

Question 15

Examples of carbs

Answer 15

Glucose, Lactose, Glycogen, Starch

Question 16

3 Monosaccharides

Answer 16

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Question 17

2 Disaccharides

Answer 17

Lactose, Maltose

Question 18

1 Polysaccharide

Answer 18

Glycogen

Question 19

What is the main function of carbs

Answer 19

Immediate energy storage

Question 20

Main energy storage carb for humans?

Answer 20

glycogen

Question 21

Lipid

Answer 21

Long chain of hydrocarbons, hydrophobic

Question 22

What organelle are lipids most vital in

Answer 22

Plasma membrane

Question 23

Types of Lipids

Answer 23

• Fatty acids
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steroids

Question 24

Fatty acid

Answer 24

Chains of arbon atoms with a carboxyl on one end, and a methyl on the other end

Question 25

Main function of fatty acids

Answer 25

Energy storage

Question 26

What do fatty acids form

Answer 26

Triglycerides

Question 27

Triglyceride

Answer 27

3 fatty acids + glycerol

Question 28

How are triglycerides formed

Answer 28

Dehydration synthesis between three OH of glycerol and 3 OH of fatty acids

Question 29

Phospholipids

Answer 29

Glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Make up phospholipid bilayer

Question 30

Steroids

Answer 30

At least 17 carbons arranged in rings, components of cell membrane

Question 31

Saturated fat

Answer 31

Fatty acid that has max number of H atoms

Question 32

Unsaturated fat

Answer 32

2 Carbons bound by double bonds, fewer H

Question 33

Polyunsaturated

Answer 33

Multiple double bonds

Question 34

Physiologically, which is better, saturated or unsaturated

Answer 34

Unsaturated

Question 35

What is special about phospholipids

Answer 35

They are amphipathic. They have a polar head, non polar tail

Question 36

Amphipathic

Answer 36

Have polar and non polar components

Question 37

What is the most common steroid

Answer 37

Cholesterol

Question 38

What are the most physiologically relevant functions of steroids

Answer 38

- Component of membranes | - Chemical signals

Question 39

What is an amino acid made up of

Answer 39

Amino group, central carbon with H and R group attached, and a carboxyl group

Question 40

How many different amino acids are there

Answer 40

20

Question 41

What bonds bind amino acids to form polypeptides

Answer 41

peptide bonds

Question 42

How are peptide bonds formed

Answer 42

Dehydration Synthesis. OH from COOH reacts with H from amino

Question 43

Primary Structure

Answer 43

Sequence of amino acids, determines further structures

Question 44

Secondary

Answer 44

Folded/coiled, 2D, H bonds, alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

Question 45

Tertiary

Answer 45

Further folded shape, 3D, R group interactions

Question 46

Quaternary

Answer 46

Combination of 2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 47

Functions of proteins

Answer 47

Cell structure, Communication, Membrane transport, Catallysts, Protection, Movement, Cell adhesion

Question 48

Enzymes

Answer 48

Proteins that catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy

Question 49

Substrate

Answer 49

Substance(s) that go into an enzyme

Question 50

How do enzymes work

Answer 50

Substrates approach active site, enzyme-substrate complex formed, Products formed, enzyme releases products

Question 51

Nucleotide

Answer 51

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Question 52

What are nucleotides made up of

Answer 52

Nitrogen base, 5 Carbon sugar, Phosphate group

Question 53

What determines the name of a nucleotide

Answer 53

The nitrogen base

Question 54

What are the two main 5 carbon sugars in nucleotides

Answer 54

Ribose and Deoxyribose

Question 55

What part of the nucleotide increases the total energy

Answer 55

Phosphates

Question 56

ATP

Answer 56

Adenosine triphosphate, Energy currency

Question 57

What is ATP made up of

Answer 57

Adenine, Ribose, and 3 phosphates

Question 58

What is the function of ATP

Answer 58

TRANSPORT of energy