Chapter 1 Lecture 3 - Characteristics of Life, Homeostasis, Feedback, and Gradients

Question 1

Stimulus

Answer 1

Change to activate reaction

Question 2

What does the stimulus activate

Answer 2

Afferent signal

Question 3

Controller

Answer 3

Typically the brain, processes info and sends output

Question 4

What does the controller send

Answer 4

Efferent signal

Question 5

Gradient Flow

Answer 5

Movement of things from high to low

Question 6

Characteristics of Life

Answer 6

1. Organization
2. Metabolism
3. Responsiveness
4. Homeostasis
5. Development
6. Reproduction
7. Evolution

Question 7

Organization

Answer 7

Specific relationships and functions within the body

Question 8

Metabolism

Answer 8

Chemical reactions

Question 9

Responsiveness

Answer 9

Ability to sense and react to changes

Question 10

Homeostasis

Answer 10

Stability

Question 11

Development

Answer 11

Changes over time

Question 12

Growth

Answer 12

Change in size and/or number of cells

Question 13

Differentiation

Answer 13

Change of cells from general to specialized

Question 14

Reproduction

Answer 14

New cells / organisms

Question 15

Evolution

Answer 15

Change over time due to genetic mutations

Question 16

Set Point

Answer 16

Ideal normal values of a variable

Question 17

Normal Range

Answer 17

Values of a variable in which it is in normal function, as it fluctuates around set point

Question 18

Equilibrium

Answer 18

Dynamic state of balance achieved by maintaining homeostasis

Question 19

What feedback loops oppose change

Answer 19

Negative

Question 20

What feedback loops amplify change

Answer 20

Positive

Question 21

Stimulus in terms of set point

Answer 21

Deviates set point

Question 22

Receptor

Answer 22

Monitors value of a variable

Question 23

Control Center in terms of Set Point

Answer 23

Establishes set point

Question 24

Effector

Answer 24

Drives response, and changes value of a variable

Question 25

Response

Answer 25

Produced by effector as a reaction to a deviation from the set point

Question 26

Steps to feedback systems

Answer 26

1. Stimulus produces change 2. Receptor detects change 3. Afferent signal sent through afferent pathway to control center 4. Control center sends info through efferent pathway to the effector 5. Effector reduces effect of stimulus to return to the set point through a response

Question 27

Positive feedback loop

Answer 27

System that when stimulus happens, a greater change occurs, climatic event with rapid change, leads away from homeostasis

Question 28

Gradient

Answer 28

Difference between two points

Question 29

Example of Gradient

Answer 29

1. Sodium levels in vs out of cell | 2. Oxygen levels in lung vs blood

Question 30

Types of gradients

Answer 30

1. Pressure 2. Concentration 3. Electrical 4. Thermal

Question 31

Why does flow typically move from high to low?

Answer 31

It is easier because it is a passive process. It does not require any energy input.