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HLT116 > Chapter 2: Mental Health and Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Mental Health and Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental Health

A

not just the absence of illness; it is also the presence of positive characteristics

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2
Q

Positive Psychology

A

focuses on positive emotions, character strengths, and conditions that create happiness

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3
Q

Six Virtues

A

Wisdom
Courage
Humanity
Justice
Temperance
Transcendence

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4
Q

Character

A

combination of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and increased self-awareness that are the basis for self-confidence

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5
Q

Characteristics of Mentally Healthy People

A

Possess high self-esteem
Accept imperfections
Altruistic
Sense of control over their lives
Demonstrate social competence and can rely on others
Not overwhelmed by fear, love, or anger
Optimistic
Capacity for intimacy/Unafraid of commitment
Appreciate Creativity
Perseverance
Take reasonable risks for growth
Resilience after adversity

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6
Q

Self-Actualization

A

the state attained when a person reaches their full potential

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7
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

Physiological Needs: food water, shelter, sleep, exercise, sex
Safety/Security: safe surroundings, protection by others, knows to avoid risks
Love/Belongingness
Self-Esteem
Self-Actualization: realism, acceptance, autonomy, authenticity

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8
Q

Optimistic Explanatory Style

A

the tendency to see problems as temporary and specific rather than permanent and general

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9
Q

Optimism

A

the general expectation that things will turn out well.
A key characteristic of mentally healthy people

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10
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

a general sense that we have some control over our lives

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11
Q

Resilience

A

ability to bounce back from adverse events

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12
Q

3 Components of Happiness

A

positive emotion/ pleasure, engagement (with family, friends, hobbies) and meaning

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13
Q

Engagement and Meaning

A

most important for providing satisfaction and happiness

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14
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

an understanding of emotional experience, self-awareness, and sensitivity to others

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15
Q

Emotionally intelligent people

A

recognize/understand their emotions
manage emotions/ control moods
motivate themselves
recognize/respond to other’s emotions
be socially competent

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16
Q

Grieving

A

natural response to loss, often expressed by sadness, loneliness, anger, and guilt

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17
Q

Bereavement Phases

A

Numbness/Shock
Separation
Disorganization
Reorganization

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18
Q

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Stages of Dying

A

Denial/Isolation
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

stages are not linear. can be experienced in any order. some people may revisit stages.

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19
Q

The Brain

A

Central control station for intelligence, feeling, and creativity.
All behavior is mediated by the brain and nervous system

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20
Q

Developing Brain

A

95% of brain is developed by age 6
The brain changes and grows through childhood into early 20s

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21
Q

Complex interactions of mental disorders

A

Biological factors, psychological processes, social influences, and cultural factors – especially during childhood

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22
Q

Cognitive Mental Disorders

A

Alzheimer’s, dementia, amnesia
Can be caused by tumors, brain trauma, or stroke

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that conduct signals from one brain cell to the next

imbalances appear important in a variety of of mental disorders

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24
Q

Dopamine

A

provides positive feelings during activities such as eating, sex, drugs, etc.

high levels cause erratic behavior, sexual desire, aggression, risk-taking

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25
Serotonin
Associated with emotion and mood Low levels related to depression
26
GABA
Chemical messenger promotes relaxation. Found in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Low levels cause restlessness, short temper, night sweats, acid reflux, and poor verbal memory. Associated with anxiety
27
Norepinephrine
Handles stress response Imbalance causes severe stress and weakens nearly all body systems Associated with chronic stress disorder
28
Mental Disorder
is a pattern of behavior associated with distress, disability, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or loss of freedom can be diagnosed based on a set of symptoms Qualitatively different from a psychological problem that can be considered normal
29
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
groups of conditions that often begin in early childhood (often before a child enters school). Includes limitations of learning and difficulty with behavior control and social skills
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ADHD
One of the most common childhood disorders. Symptoms often continue into adulthood. Genetics and environmental factors play a role. ADHD affects 9% of children. Boys are 3x more likely to be diagnosed than girls.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
is a group of developmental brain disorders causing social , communication, and behavioral difficulties 1 in 68 kids diagnosed with ASD 5x more common in boys
32
Mood Disorders (AKA depressive or affective disorders)
Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder Among the most common mental disorders worldwide Average age at onset is mid-20s (although it can happen in all ages)
33
Mood Disorder statistics
Aprox. 17.3 million adults in U.S. (7.1%) had at least 1 major depressive episode in 2017 Women experience episodes twice as frequently as men Social media is related to increases in depression 2/3 of depressed people seek help
34
Major Depressive Disorder
Symptoms include depressed mood. Feelings of sadness/emptiness. Behaviors such as crying, and loss of interest in favorite activities. Fatigue, trouble concentrating, feelings of worthlessness. Experiencing one of more episodes lasting longer than 2 weeks can lead to diagnosis
35
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by 1 or more manic episodes that may alternate with depressive episodes
36
Manic episode
an abnormally elevated or irritable mood during a specific period of time. Manic individuals may have an inflated sense of their own importance, have racing thoughts and accelerated speech patterns. May stay awake for days without feeling tired. Often can't see that they are ill.
37
Anxiety Disorder
Among the most common mental disorders in the U.S. affecting 12.9 million adults
38
Panic Attack
Apprehension/ intense fear without being in real danger
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Panic Disorder
Recurrent unexpected pain attacks
40
Specific Phobia
intense fear of situation or object
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Social phobia
intense fear of social/ performance situations
42
Generalized anxiety disorder
worry about routine matters
43
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
persistent, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that cause anxiety. Individual develops compulsions- repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety.
44
Addiction
continued, compulsive substance use or behavior despite negative consequences. Concept of addiction extends to other behaviors such as sex, gambling, and video games.
45
Physiological dependence
consequence of substance use characterized by tolerance and withdrawal
46
Psychotic Disorders
characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, and other signs the individual has lost touch with reality
47
Schizophrenia
the most common psychotic disroder characterized by disordered thinking and perceptions, bizarre ideas, hallucinations and impaired functioning
48
Suicide
second leading cause of death in college students women are more likely to attempt suicide men 4x more likely to succees
49
Traits Leading to Suicide
Hopelessness (links depression and suicide) Depression and Alcoholism involved in 2/3s of suicide Substance abuse and depression can be lethal Psychosis A previous suicide attempt is the most significant risk factor
50
Behavioral signs indicating suicide
-Comments about death and suicide threats -Social withdrawal, isolation -Intensified moodiness -Risk-taking behaviors -Sudden improvement in mood accompanies by certain behaviors such as giving away possessions
51
How to help a person considering suicide
-The danger of asking if someone is thinking of suicide ("planting the seed") is a myth -Ask direct questions; encourage them to talk -Encourage suicide hotline or counseling -Do not agree to keep it a secret -Do not leave them alone
52
Self-Injury
any intentional injury to one's own body
53
Self-Injury Behaviors
cutting, burning, scratching, branding, head-banging
54
Psychotherapy (counseling)
treatment for mental disorders based on the development of a positive interpersonal relationship between a client and therapist
55
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
the most researched behavioral intervention
56
Antipsychotics
used to treat psychotic disorder (schizophrenia)
57
Antidepressants
Used to treat mood disorders (depression, bipolar) Act on neurotransmitters serotonin/norepinephrine Use has increased by 65% from 1999 to 2014
58
Anxiolytics
Used to treat anxiety disorders Act on neurotransmitter GABA
59
Stress
is an individual's perception and subsequent reaction to a challenging event that test's one's ability to cope
60
Stress Symptoms
headaches, overwhelm, depression, etc..
61
Stressors
events/agents in environment that cause stress
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Eustress
"good stress" A positive form of stress
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The Stress Response
Fight or flight response A series of physiological changes that occur in a person's body in the face of a threat Is carried out by autonomic nervous system
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Autonomic Nervous System
controls involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, digestion
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Sympathetic Branch
of the autonomic nervous system initiates stress response
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Parasympathetic Branch
of the autonomic nervous system turns off stress response; return to homeostasis
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Homeostasis
a state of stability/balance in which functions are maintained within a normal range
68
The Relaxation Response
The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system takes over and turns off the stress response. The body returns to homeostasis.
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
explains physiological changes and responses to stressors
70
The General Adaptation Syndrome stages
1. Alarm- fight or flight response is activated 2. Resistance- energy is used to cope with continuous stress at peak level 3. Exhaustion - Body becomes exhausted and leads to illness if not allowed to recover from stress
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Acute Stress
occurs quickly in response to an immediate threat
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Chronic Stress
continues for a long period in response to ongoing situations. increases risk for illness prolonged chronic stress weakens nearly every body system
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Physical Effects of Chronic Stress
-decreases immune function -acute and chronic stress impact the immune system -stress response increases heart rate and blood pressure -chronic stress can lead to cardiovascular illness -gastrointestinal problems may be stress related -acute and chronic stress contribute to mental illness including anxiety and PTSD
74
Mediators of Stress Response
Past experiences, personality traits, habitual thinking patterns, and acquired attitudes affect how people can respond to stress
75
Type A Personality
impulsive, achievement-oriented, highly competitive increased risk for stress-related illness
76
Type B personality
less driven, more relaxed less susceptible to coronary heart disease
77
Type C Personality
introverted, detail-oriented, people pleasing greater risk for autoimmune disorder
78
Type D Personality
hold in negative emotions, not expressive, fear judgement at risk for arterial disease, heart failure
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Hostility
ongoing accumulation of irritation and anger is key culprit for negative health effects between personality types
80
Cognitive Factors
Your outlook and beliefs about life affect how you deal with stressors A realistic attitude can reduce the frequency and intensity of the stress response
81
Resilience from stress
improves ability to handle stress -focuses on immediate issues -explain struggles in positive/helpful ways
82
Hardiness
an affective style of coping with stress characterized by a tendency o view events as challenges rather than threats
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Sources of Stress
Major life events that require adjustment Daily Hassles that continue without periods of recovery college stress job pressures burnout financial worries family/interpersonal stress time pressure/overload technology anger trauma societal pressures
84
Relaxation Techniques
-deep breathing -visualization/guided imagery -mindfulness meditation -yoga -t'ai chi -biofeedback -affirmations

HLT116 (3 decks)

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