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Anatomy and Physiolgy > Chapter 2: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Internal support structure of animal

Humans have endoskeleton made up of two tissues: bone and cartilage

Supports protects and serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular force

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2
Q

Exoskeleton

A

External skeleton that supports and protects an animals body

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3
Q

Bone aka Osseous tissue

A

Hard Vascular Connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a mineralized matrix whose collagen fibres are impregnated with calcium phosphate

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4
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cell

Yonge cell that produces matrix (osteoid)

Matures to osteocytes

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5
Q

Osteoclast

A

A phagocyte.Removes osseous tissue to remodel bones and release calcium needed by the nervous system and muscle

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6
Q

Phagocyte

A

Any cell that ingests foreign particles, bacteria, or cell debris

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7
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense bone that forms the external layer of all bone

Provides protection and support

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8
Q

Spongy bone

A

Bone in which trabeculae form a three dimensional latticework with spaces filled with bone marrow

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9
Q

Articulation

A

A joint is an area where two bones come together

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10
Q

Femur

Acetabulum

A

Thigh bone

Hip bone’s cup shaped socket

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11
Q

Viscosity

A

Property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause the liquid to flow

Effective in reducing friction

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12
Q

Articular cartilage

A

The cartilage covering the surfaces of the bones forming a synovial joint

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13
Q

Synovial joint

A

A joint in which synovial fluid is produced

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14
Q

Synovial fluid

A

A viscous fluid that lubrictates the articular surfaces of a joint

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15
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

Itis= inflammation

Found in areas of friction (over an exposed bony part where a tendon passes over bone)

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16
Q

Tendon

A

Connective tissue

Connects muscle to bone

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17
Q

Supra

A

Means above

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18
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap

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19
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Aka wear and tear arthritis

Arth = joint
Itis = inflammation

Erosion of articulate cartilage, either primary or secondary to trauma or other conditions

Cartilage become soft, frayed and thin

Pain and loss of function

Mainly affects weight baring joints, common in older persons

Cartilage is nourished by movement

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20
Q

Osteoporosis

A

First sign is getting shorter as you age

Bones become increasingly porous, brittle and suspect to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral components (spongy bone)

Only 1/3 of spinal column fractures produce painful symptoms therefore early diagnosis is hard

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21
Q

Trabeculae

A

Provides strength of the spongy bone.

Responds to stress

3D network of bone tissue

Filled with red blood marrow (where are the blood cells are made

At the end of long bones

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22
Q

Vertebrae (vertebra - singular)

A

The bones that make up your spinal cord

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23
Q

Symptoms of compression fracture

A

Sudden, severed back pain

Worsening pain when standing or walking

Difficulty when bending or twisting

Loss of height

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24
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Chronic autoimmune disease
Inflammation and progressive deformity of joints

Pannus - an abnormal tissue erodes (dissolves) articulation cartilage allowing scar tissue to form and fuse the bone ends

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25
Pannus
In rheumatoid arthritis an abnormal tissue erodes (dissolves) articulation cartilage allowing scar tissue to form and fuse the bone ends
26
Ankylosis
Stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint. Rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to inflammation of the tendinous or muscular strucutres outside the joint or of the tissues of the joint itself May be the result of injury or disease Causes vertebrae to bend and fuse together bent
27
Osis
Condition of
28
Muscle types
1. Cardiac 2. Smooth 3. Skeletal
29
Cardiac Muscle
Myocardium Gap junctions between heart cells allow electrical currents to pass form one cell to another so heart cells contract in unison
30
Myo
Muscle
31
Gap juntions
Specialized intercellular connection which allow various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass between cells
32
Fibrillation
Chaotic contractions across the heart The heart quivers and no blood is pumped into the body or brain
33
Defibrillator
Device capable of sending a therapeutic dose of electric current through the heart that restores heart to normal
34
Smooth Muscle
Found in walls of viscera (hollow organs of the body except the heart) Contraction reduces the size of structures Not voluntary control Bowels, uterus, regulates the flow of blood in the arteries
35
Viscera
Hollow organs of the body (not heart)
36
Peristalsis
Gastrointestinal tract
37
Skeletal Muscle
Muscle attached to skeleton Motion, posture, heat production and facial expression
38
Endo
Within, on the inside
39
EPI
On the outside, upon
40
endomysium
Within the muscle | A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle cell
41
Muscle cell
Muscle fibre
42
Tendon
Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone Stronger than ligaments and bones
43
Ligament
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone Tightness and elasticity
44
Sprain
Injury to ligament Stretching or tearing
45
strain
Injury to muscle or tendon Overstretch or partial or complete tear
46
Sarcopenia
The degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with aging Lack of exercise might be a significant risk factor
47
Fibromyalgia
Debilitating fatigue Widespread muscular pain Tenderness at specific points on the body Some researchers suggest that the brain has been physically or chemically altered in such a way that normal uncomfortable stimuli can lead to pain amplification
48
Proximal
Closer to attachment of limb
49
Distal
Further from the attachment of limb
50
Anatomical position
Thumbs facing outward
51
Midsagittal plane
Divides the body in half left and right
52
Lateral
Further from the midsagittal plane
53
Medial
Closer to the midsagittal plane
54
Clavicle
Collar bone
55
Scapula
Shoulder blade
56
Humerus
Upper arm bone
57
Ulna
Forearm. Medial to Radius (inside)
58
Radius
Forearm. Lateral to Ulna (outside)
59
Carpels
Wrist 8 bones - one is a sesamoid Proximal bones of the hand
60
Metacarpals
Palm | 5 bones
61
Phalanges
Finger bones and toe bones (14) | All toes except the big toe have a proximal, middle and distal phalanx
62
Coxal bones aka sacrum aka innominate bone
Pelvis
63
Pubic symphysis
Lower middle pelvis
64
Femur
Upper leg
65
Patella
Knee cap
66
Tibia
Lower leg. Medial to Fibula
67
Fibula
Lower leg. Lateral to Tibia
68
Tarsals
Ankle | 7 tarsals.
69
Metatarsals
Foot 5 metatarsals, numbered from 1(big)- 5 (small) 1-3 articulate at the cuneiform 4,5 are distal to the cuboid
70
Dorsal surface of foot
Aka dorsum Top view of foot
71
7 tarsal bones
Most proximal bones of the foot ``` Talus - most proximal foot bone Calcaneous - heel Navicular Cuboid 3 cuneiforms - proximal to phalanges 1-3 distal to navicular ```
72
Dorsal Surface (dorsum)
Top view of foot Back of hand
73
Calcaneus
Heel bone
74
Sesamoid bone
Bones completely contained within muscle tendons - prevents tendons from being squished On the plantar surface of the distal ends of the 1st and 5th metatarsal bones Patella is the largest sesamoid - provides leverage
75
Cuboid
Proximal to the 4th and 5th metatarsals
76
Plantar vs dorsal
Bottom vs top of foot
77
Anterior or palmer surface or ventral surface of hand
Front (palm)
78
Radius
One of 2 large bones in forearm | Radius is lateral and parallel to Ulna
79
Ulna
Forearm Medial to Radius
80
pisiform
Carpal bone Ulnar nerve runs between the pisiform and hamate
81
Supinated
``` Palm up (anatomical position) Prone is opposite ```
82
Tunnel of Guyon
Allows passage of the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve into the hand Medially bounded by the pisiform on the ulnar side and the hook of the hamate of the radial side
83
Ulnar nerve
Travels from neck to hand | 1 of 3 main nerves in arm
84
Tibialis anterior
Moves the foot, Assume concentic Origin aka proximal attachment PA - upper lateral surface of the tibia Insertion aka distal attachment DA - 1 cuneiform and proximal end of the 1st metatarsal bone
85
Concentric contractions
The muscle has successfully shortened against the load from both ends
86
Proximal attachement fixed
Means that the proximal attachment is more stable than the distal attachment and it is the distal bone that will move
87
Inversion
A movement on which the sole of the foot faces inward
88
Dorsiflexion
The upward movement of the foot that brings the toes closer to the front of the leg
89
Quadriceps
Ceps means head - if muscle has more than 1 head 5 heads PA = hip bone (aka innominate bone aka coxal )and femur DA = Tibia Action= hip flexion and knee extension

Anatomy and Physiolgy (10 decks)

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