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Chapter 2: Nationalism & Autonomy Flashcards

1
Q

What was the political disagreement between the French Canadians and the English Canadians near the end of the 19th century? Identify their reasons. /3(6)

A

They did nothing t agree on the policies the federal government should adopt with regards to the British empire

French:
Want to sever ties with the British Empire
No longer want to support the UK

English:
Want to continue supporting the British empire
Proud to be part of the British empire by being culturally and historically bound to them
Believed Canada should take part in the British empire’s expansion throughout the world

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2
Q

What thought leads to the results in the idea of French Canadian nationalism?

CAUSE

A

French Canadians did not share the same sense of belonging to the British empire that many English Canadians felt

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3
Q

Who are imperialists? /3

A

A person who supports the political, cultural, economic or military domination of one state over another
(British empire over its colonies)

Many English Canadians are imperialists

Imposing an empire’s culture, values, and political institutions on the regions they take over

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4
Q

What is French Canadian nationalism in the 20th century? /7

A

Questioning the political ties that bound Canada to the British empire

Were demanding that Canada have greater autonomy

Against Canada’s involvement in Britain’s wars

Defend the language rights and religious rights of French Canadian Catholics

Want to keep their distance from the British empire

Henri-Bourassa is a French Canadian Nationalist

Argued that Canada had its own identity

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5
Q

Who is Wilfred Laurier? /4

“An autonomous Canada within the British Canada”

A

Prime minister 1896-1911

Believe the French Canadian nationalists and English imperialists should focus on what they have in common in order to encourage Canadian unity

Wants to develop Canada

Wants Canada to maintain ties with Britain BUT ALSO wants to promote its au I’m y and independence

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6
Q

How can Wilfred Laurier’s position on Canada’s involvement in the Empire’s wars be associated with his policy of compromise?

A

Canada’s population as a whole should be able to decide whether or not they will support Britain in military conflicts (wars)

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7
Q

Who are Boers? /2

A

Descendants of primarily of Dutch colonists who settled in South Africa

Referred today as Afrikaners who make up the majority of South Africa

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8
Q

What is the Boer War 1899? /2

A

British empire wanted to annex the territories occupied by the Boers which contained large gold deposits

British government called Canada for military support

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9
Q

What effect did Britain calling to Canada for support during the Boer War have on the tension between imperialists and French Canadian nationalists? /5

A

Spurred up heated debates that increase the tension

French Canadian nationalists opposed Canada’s involvement in the Boer war

French Canadian nationalists and French Canadians felt that the Boer War did not concern Canada

English imperialists supported Canada’s involvement in the Boer War

English imperialists wanted to help Britain by sending troops/soldiers as support

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10
Q

What are conscriptions?

A

Compulsory/mandatory enlistment in the army

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11
Q

What compromise did Laurier’s government make concerning Canada’s involvement in the Boer War 1899? /3

A

Refused to impose conscriptions

Only volunteers, many were imperialists, were sent to South Africa to support Britain in the Boer War

About 7000 soldiers volunteered

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12
Q

Identify the cause of creating the first Canadian navy.

/3

A

A military rivalry emerged between Britain and Germany

Both countries want to prove their power/dominance through the growth of their military strength (number of military support/weapons)

For this rivalry, Britain put a financial role on Canada by asking the Dominion money to fund Britain’s military and navy

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13
Q

What compromise did Laurier’s government make concerning funding Britain’s navy and military? What issues did this compromise face? /2

A

Canada would establish their own military support and navy which will be available to help Britain in conflicts

Both English imperialists and French Canadian nationalists opposed the creation of the Canadian navy

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14
Q

Why did English imperialists and French Canadian nationalists oppose the creation of the Canadian navy? /2

A

Imperialists:
Canada should provide direct financial assistance to the United Kingdom

Nationalists:
Worried that creating the navy would result in Canada’s involvement in all of the British Empire’s wars (remember the main demand of French Canadian nationalists)

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15
Q

What consequence came from creating the Canadian navy? /4

A

It was TOO SMALL

Would not be able to protect Canada from foreign attacks

Would not be able to support Britain

Laurier loses in the following election

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16
Q

How did Laurier’s government further stimulate economic growth in the early 20th century?

A

Continued to pursue the Macdonald government’s immigration policy

Increased the methods of promoting:
Publishing brochures
Printing posters in several languages
OFFERING FREE LAND TO IMMIGRANTS

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17
Q

Where did most immigrants from the early 20th century originate from? /3

A

Great Britain 1/3

USA 1/3

Europeans 1/3

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18
Q

Indicate a continuation in immigration between the 19th century and the 20th century. /2

A

Immigration to the west of Canada

Immigration is used as a method to increase economic growth in Canada

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19
Q

What is a consequence of the high immigration flow in the 20th century? /2

A

Increase in agricultural Land

Led to the creation of new provinces in 1905:
Alberta
Saskatchewan

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20
Q

What is xenophobia? /2

A

Hostility or fear toward people of foreign origin

Policies which exclude immigrants based in their race.
|
|-> Canadians want to keep Canada white (THEYRE RACISTS!)

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21
Q

Which race/ethnicity experiences this xenophobia from the Canadians? How did this fear effect them? /2(5)

A

Asian immigrants (Chinese and Japanese)

Effect:
Canadian government adopts increasingly restrictive measure towards Asian immigrants

Head tax on Chinese immigrants (want them to leave once the CPR is built)

Limited number of Asian immigrants allowed entry in Canada

Asian immigration flow decreases

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22
Q

Identify the cause of the second phase of industrialization. /5

A

Continuation of maintaining high customs duties in imported goods (protectionism-National Policy)

Large influx of immigration provides an abundant labour force and increases the demand/production of manufactured goods

The development of wheat cultivation in Western Canada (Prairies fertile lands), increases Canada’s wealth

Foreign trade primarily with the USA and the United Kingdom

The development of the war industry for WWI (munition and military equipment factories)

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23
Q

What new natural sources were exploited during the second phase of industrialization? /2

A

Hydroelectricity

Mining (Zinc, Gold, Silver, Copper, ASBESTOS, etc)

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24
Q

What connection can you make between the development of the railway and the growth of industrial sectors at the beginning of the second phase of industrialization?

A

Railways are built towards new industrial sectors to have better access to the natural resources

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25
What were the consequences of the second phase of industrialization? /3
New areas of colonization (must be able to identify these areas on a map): Lac Saint-Jean Mauricie Eastern townships Expansion of railway network Production now required specialized labour and extensive mechanization
26
What are royalties? /2
Sum paid by the government by a company that exploites a natural resource Sum is proportional to the quantity of the resource exploited
27
Identify the cause and effect of the role of the state. /2(7)
Cause: Economic liberalism Effect: Natural resources are owned by the state Private companies pay royalties to the state to exploit natural resources The state makes money off the royalties Companies make profits Jobs are created State encourages foreign investments
28
Who were the primarily the foreign investors in Canada? /2
United Staes (mostly) United Kingdom
29
Identify a consequence regarding foreign trade in the 2nd phase of industrialization. /5
Stimulated the construction and improvement of factories Create new jobs Investment in mining, pulp and paper, and hydroelectricity Diversified Canadian exports Economic growth
30
What is monopoly capitalism?
An economic system in which a company can market a product without any competition or assume full control over the production process of this product Businesses attain exclusive rights to market a product
31
What is a continuity in the working class between the first phase and second phase of industrialization. /5
Difficult living and working conditions Disparity between the working class and business class Territory working districts expanding The formation/emerging of unions to combat these conditions Workers are still powerless against employers
32
Identify a change in unions in the second phase of industrialization/ 20th century. /2
Unions in Québec were mostly members of American union organizations Catholic Union is established in 1921
33
How were the unions heard in the second phase of industrialization? /3
STRIKES! ``` Measure used to put pressure in employers and government | |-> How: 2/3 of workers must vote in favour There is just cause Last resort tactic ```
34
What are cooperatives? /5
An organization that promotes the pooling of resources, collective management and profit sharing Common idea/strategy amongst farmers Can get loans from the bank Used to modernize farms (buy machinery) Promoted by the Catholic Church in pursue of reducing socio-economic inequality
35
Why de s the Catholic Church form a union in the 20th century? /2
Ensure workers, mostly farmers, respect Catholic principles Allow a re influence over American unions
36
What did feminists demand in the 20th century? /6
Greater access to education, particularly in advanced studies and universities The right to run in elected offices The right to vote (suffrage) Better employment opportunities Higher wages Gender equality
37
Who is a suffragette?
A woman who fights for women's right to vote suffrage)
38
Which interest groups opposed the feminist movement? /4
Intellectual classes Clergy Traditional women Conservative nationalist
39
Why did some people oppose the women's suffrage movement? /3
Advocated respect for traditional values Believed politics are reserved for men only Would threaten social order
40
When were women allowed to vote? /3
In 1916 (Manitoba was first) In 1940 under Godbout government (Québec was the last Province to accept) In 1918 (women can vote in federal elections)
41
Who is Eva Circé-Côté? Who is Marie Lacoste Gérin Lajoie? /2
Eva: Fought for women's education and better working conditions Marie Lacoste: Fought to improve women's access to education Fought for women's suffrage
42
What jobs were available for women? /7
Textile factory worker Nurse Domestic worker Nun Teacher Office worker Can’t work at all (housewife)
43
What are the main causes of WWI? /5
Certain European states were seeking to increase their power and influence Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism
44
What effect in wanting to expand their power have on European countries? /4
Increased military budgets Larger armies Arms race Alliances based off respective interests
45
Who were the Triple Entente? /11
France United Kingdom (+Canada) Russia Italy (changed from Central Powers to Triple entente) Belgium United States (1917) Romania Greece Serbia Montenegro Portugal
46
Who were the Central Powers? /4
Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria
47
What is militarism in WWI? /2
Increase in army and navy artillery Germany Great Britain France Russia
48
What is alliances in WWI? /2
Triple Entente Central Powers
49
What is imperialism in WWI? /2
Increase of empires and power ``` Great Britain Germany France Belgium Italy ```
50
What is Nationalism in WWI?
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand on June 28th 1914
51
What is the cause and effect of WWI 1914-1918? /2(6)
Cause: Bosnia wanted to separate from the Austria-Hungary and become independent and join Serbia instead The government of Austria-Hungary refused This lead to Gavrilo Prinap, from the Black Hands, to assassinate Franz Ferdinand the Archduke of Austria-Est Effect: Germany declares war on Russia Start of the First World War 32 countries go at war in 1914-1918
52
Why was Canada involved in the World War 1?
Since Canada is part of the British Empire it quickly joined the fighting support of the United Kingdom
53
Who in Canada joined WW1? /3
Francophones Anglophones Indigenous Canadians 400 000 Canadian soldiers are sent to the front lines
54
What war measures (War Measures Act 1914) were implemented by the federal government to increase Canada's power in WWI? /3
Control prices and wages Intervene in all sectors of the economy so that factories could focus on war production : weapons/munition provisions to feed the soldiers clothing Impose censorship
55
What was the consequences of the First World War for immigration in Canada?
Due to WWI immigration, composed of refugees from the cities surrounding the battlefield, increased in Canada
56
What effect did WWI have on industrialization? /4 | .
Industrial sector considerably increased its production of military equipment Factories operated at maximum capacity Increase in shipbuilding since goods and materials were transported to Europe by ship Agricultural sector expanded with farmers increasing production to feed the armed forces and the population of certain countries
57
What are Victory Bonds? /4
Issued by the federal government to finance war effort of WWI A way for Canadians to lend money to the government for which would receive interest when they cashed the bonds in An income tax system Causes the Roaring 20s
58
Identify the cause and effect of women's contribution in WWI. /2(4)
Cause: Thousands of men left the country to fight in Europe leaving many jobs to be filled Industries recruit more women in their industries to meet growing production needs Effect: The presence of women in the labour market and their participation in war effort bolstered feminists' demand for greater gender equality Helped women gain the right to vote federally
59
How was WWI fought? /4
Trench warfare Large military artillery is placed far from the front lines No man's land: where the fights take place Concrete block house machine guns
60
What issues did soldiers of WWQ face when fighting in the trenches? /5
Low food rations Rats eating their provisions and clothing Infections/medical issues Bug infestations in clothing and food Deceased bodies and feces causing an even more unsanitary environment
61
Identify the cause and effect of the conscription crisis. /2(4)
Cause: I’m Europe, death toll is high and more soldiers are needed Effect: Canadian government adopt the Military Service Act in 1917 Much of Francophone population opposes the conscription Tensions between Francophones and Anglophones increase
62
How does WWI end? /4
On November 11th 1918 at 11a.m. Germany surrenders Triple Entente are victorious Around 20 million people dead (soldiers + citizens)
63
What consequences came from WWI? /5
Canadian government organized demobilization programs Soldiers return to their factory jobs resulting in women having to quit Canada achieves greater autonomy and joins the League of Nations Economic growth in many industrial sectors (Roaring 20s) Consumption increases
64
What is the League of Nations? /5
An international organization founded by the Triple Entente countries in 1920 Purpose to ensure world peace by acting as a forum for resolving international disputes (DOES NOT WORK BCUZ WWII IS A THING!) Today now knows as the United Nations Established following WWI Canada joins the League of Nations INDEPENDENTLY
65
What is the Statute of Westminster? /5
A law adopted in 1931 Grants Canada complete autonomy BUT... all changes to Canada's constitution must be made in Britain/British Parliament British laws DO NOT NEED to apply to the Dominion of Canada Britain CANNOT interfere in making laws in the Dominion Canada has the authority to make their own laws
66
What events resulted in Canada's autonomy increasing? /4
Membership in the League of Nations 1919 Signing the Treaty of Versailles —ended WWI (1919) Enactment of the Statute of Westminster (1931) WWII (1945)
67
What are the Roaring 20s? /8
1920-1929 Mass culture New products (home appliances) Increase consumption (people have more money to spend) Hydroelectricity is more accessible Entertainment gains popularity (hockey and cinema) Economic growth Result of Victory Bonds THE FRIDGE!!!
68
Who is not happy during the Roaring 20s?
The Church
69
What is purchasing power?
The amount of money that a consumer has in relation to the cost of products
70
What is Depression in terms of economy? /2
A prolonged period of dramatically reduced economic activity Lasts over 2 years
71
Identify the cause of the Great Depression 1930s. /2
Overproduction: During the Roaring 20s, businesses produce more goods than people were consuming(buying) By 1929, the Roaring 20s are slowing down
72
What is the process leading to the Great Depression 1930s? /9
``` Demand decreases ⬇️ Overproduction and accumulation ⬇️ Drop in prices (to get rid of products) ⬇️ Loss of investor confidence ⬇️ Stock market CRASHES ⬇️ Production decreases ⬇️ Unemployment increases ⬇️ Weak consumer purchasing power ⬇️ Demand decreases further ```
73
What is the Great Depression? /6
Poverty High unemployment —> 1/4 people are unemployed (Consequence on labour market) Low production (Gross Domestic Production) High bankruptcy (in debt and can’t pay it off) Wheat prices crash Affected all countries who took part in WWI
74
What consequence came from the Great Depression regarding exports? /3
Americans stopped buying Canadian products This situation harmed Canadian businesses because a large part of their production is exported to the United States Businesses had to cut their workforce’s since they couldn’t pay everyone or had tasks to give to their workers
75
What government measures were established to solve the issue of the Great Depression? /3
Public works Direct relief Back to the land movement
76
What are public works programs 1930? /3
Introduced by the Canadian and Québec government to create jobs for the unemployed Participants built or prepared public buildings and infrastructures Ex. Mont-Royal
77
What is Direct Relief 1931? /3
Collaboration with municipalities Financial assistance in the form of vouchers and cheque’s Issued to poor families
78
What is the Back to the Land movement 1935? /4
Used to counter unemployment and poverty caused by the Great Depression Supported by the clergy and many Canadian nationalists Based off clerical-nationalism Introduced a new colonization program to settle remote regions Ex. Abitibi
79
Who is a fascist? /7
Describes an ideology that promotes a totalitarian /full government authority regime founded on extreme nationalism Less popular than socialism (obviously) Excluding other groups Emerged after the Great Depression No freedom of speech/press/descent You must obey or you get arrested Ex. Hitler, Parti Nationale:Adrien Arcand, Benito Mussolini (creates fascism)
80
What is clerics-nationalism? /2
French Canadian nationalism supported by the clergy Protect French Canadian identity such as; rural life, conservative, traditional values, language and culture
81
Who is Adolf Hitler? /4
Fascist Chancellor of Germany in 1933 Promised economic renewal in Germany and to avenge the Treaty of Versailles Preparing for WWII since he became chancellor in 1933
82
Why did Adolf Hitler plan WWII? /3
The Great Depression created serious problems in Europe Hitler blamed members of the Triple Entente for the economic issues Germany was facing. Hitler wants to avenge the defeat of Germany in WWI and restore the country's greatness and create just bs for the unemployed
83
Why did Germany have larger economic issues —greater Great Depression than every other country? /3
The Treaty of Versailles declares Germany fully responsible for the First World War This results in Germany struggling economically following WWI and having to pay billions of dollars in damage for the war Unfortunately, the country can NOT pay it leaving it in debt
84
Who are the Axis Powers in WWII?
Germany Italy Japan
85
Who are the Allied Powers in WWII? /5
Great Britain France Canada USA USSR (Soviet Union)
86
What is a continuity in both WWI and WWII? /6
VICTORY BONDS Women working in factories Production increases during both wars Common enemy is Germany Conscriptions are introduced but denied by Quebec in both wars War Measures Act is implemented
87
Why does Hitler invade Poland?
With the goal of expanding Germany's territory
88
How come when invading Austria and Czechoslovakia, there was no resistance? /2
All countries who took part in WWI are going through an economic decline (Great Depression) They are aware but can not do anything because their government is too busy dealing with their economic issues
89
Indicate a change regarding Canada's contribution in both World Wars. What effect does it have on the Dominion? /3
WWI: Canada joins the war the moment Britain does since it is part of the British empire WWII: Canada joins the war INDEPENDENTLY of Britain, a full week once Britain has declared war. Effect: Canada is more autonomous No longer joins on Great Britain's command
90
What act did the federal government implement iIdentify continuities between both World Wars. What does this act do?
War Measures Act 1939 Rationing resources for war production Men and women are mobilized/moved to help Control prices and wages in industrial factories
91
What is a plebiscite? /2
A vote by population on a program or political decision The government is not obligated to respect the result of a plebiscite
92
What caused the Canadian government to host a plebiscite in WWII?
After a while, there were not enough volunteers to join the front lines due to the high number of soldiers killed/wounded in combat
93
How was a conscription imposed during WWII? /4
The government hosted a plebiscite asking the population to let them impose a conscription It deemed necessary to deploy soldiers to the European front English Canadians who make up the majority of the Dominion agreed resulting the in the conscription of 1944 Although heavily opposed by French Canadians
94
What military support did Canada provide in WWII? /5
Military equipment: Planes Tanks Ships Rifles Munitions
95
Indicate a change in Immigration policy post WWI. /3
Reduced the number of immigrants it received and few settled in Canada Refused the entry of many WWII refugees People of German, Japanese and Italian origin were sent to Internment camps
96
What are internment camps? /5
Introduced during WWII The Canadian government used internment camps to keep possible German/Japanese/Italian enemy agents from finding out their plan of action Those sent to internment camps lose their property and belongings through selling them and the money is sent to the government Your freedom is taken away Everybody who was sent to these camps WERE NOT SPIES, NONE OF THEM!
97
How did WWII end? /4
The Allied Powers invade Nazi territory Italian and Japanese forces surrender German forces gradually retreat toward Germany and eventually capitulated WWII officially ends in 1945
98
Why were soldiers demobilized once WWII was over?
Canadian government could no longer justify such a large army
99
What labour force did industries turn to in order to meet their needs?
WOMEN
100
What is communism? /2
An ideology that advocates the abolition of private property Everyone is equal
101
What is socialism?
An ideology that defends the interests of the majority rather than specific interests of small groups
102
Why does alternative currents of though, like socialism, emerge in the 1930s?
People are starting to doubt capitalism due to the high increase of unemployment
103
What is the Programme de Restauration? /4
Pro rural life Criticize the excesses of capitalism Christian spirit and sharing will make for a just society Favour in developing rural areas through cooperatives
104
Do French Canadians support clerico-nationalism? Why? /3
NO! Why? Some Canadian nationalists think French Canadians need to have better business representation Believe French Canadians need to take back control of their own economy from Anglophones (Fr Cdns are the minority in business)

History Sec 4 (4 decks)

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