Chapter 2 Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses Flashcards
(48 cards)
- A cell found in the nervous system, receive information and transmit it
Neurons
Discovered the neuron, father of neuroscience, cells are not all connected but there is spcacs between them, Golgi-stains, teamed up and used stain to see neurons.
Ramon Y Cajal
the surface of the cell, a structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment. It is composed of two layers of fat molecules that are free to flow around one another. Most chemicals can NOT cross the membrane but specific protein channels allow a controlled flow of water, oxygen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and other important chemicals.
Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
the structure that contains the chromosomes.
Nucleus
the structure that performs metabolic activates, providing the energy that the cell requires for all other activities. _______require fuel and oxygen to function.
Mitochondrion
the sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules. Proteins provide building material for the cell and facilitate various chemical reactions.
Ribosome
some ribosomes may attach to this; it is a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
has its SOMA in the Spinal Cord. It receives excitation from other neurons through its dendrites and conducts impulses along its axon into the muscle. Every _________is an Efferent from the nervous system.
Motor Neuron
specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to light, sound, or touch. Every _______is an Afferent to the rest of the nervous system.
Sensory Neuron
branching fibers that get narrower near their ends. The ______ surface is lined with specialized synaptic receptors, which allows the ______to receive information from other neurons.
Dendrites
the short out growths that increase the surface area available for synapses. Greater the surface area the more information it can receive.
Dendritic Spines
contains the nucleus, ribosome, and mitochondria. Most of the metabolic work of the neuron occurs here.
Cell Body (SOMA)
a thin fiber of constant diameter (longer than dendrites) considered the neurons information sender, conveying an impulse toward other neurons or an organ or muscle.
Axon
insulating material that covers vertebrate axon speeds up the action potential around the axon “fatty” covering enables “jumping” (nodes of ranvier).
Myelin Sheath
gaps between myelin sheath, where the sodium pumps are during an action potential, it jumps from node to node speeds up action potential.
Nodes of Ranvier
the point from which the axon releases chemicals that cross through the junction between one neuron and the next.
Presynaptic Terminal
brings information INTO a structure.
Afferent Axon
carries information AWAY from a structure
Efferent Axon
if a cells dendrites and axon are entirely contained within a single structure. A neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc.
Interneuron or Intrinsic Neuron
space between the axon terminal and the next neuron.
Synapse
end of the axon, message is going to be sent to the next neuron, neurotransmitter sent out.
Axon Terminal
- The other major component of the nervous system, it is like the “GLUE” that holds the neurons together.
Glia
star shaped, wraps around the presynaptic terminals of a group of functionally related axons. Helps synchronize the activity of the axons enabling them to send messages in waves. They also help remove waste material created when neurons die and control the amount of blood flow to each brain area.
Astrocytes
very small cells also help remove waste as well as viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. They function like the immune system.
Microglia
