chapter 2 Nervous system Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Etiology
A
The factors that lead a person to develop a psychological disorder.
2
Q
central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
Two parts of PNS
4
Q
sensory-somatic nervous system
A
the system of sensory and motor nerves
5
Q
autonomic nervous system
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A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.
6
Q
sympathetic nervous system
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revives you up so that you can respond to an emergency:
7
Q
parasynmpathetic
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settles you down after a crisis is over:
8
Q
(hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis)
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cortisol stress hormone released adrenal glands
9
Q
what can arise if the parasympathetic nervous system fails to counter act the effects of sympathetic
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psychopathology may arise if it fails to do so effectively.
10
Q
Four brain lobes
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frontal@ parietal@ occipital@ temporal
11
Q
occipital lobe
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vision
12
Q
two major pathways that lead forward from the occipital lobe
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one to parietal lobe (top back of brain)
13
Q
Parental lobe
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his lobe processes spatial information@
14
Q
temporal lobe
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which stores visual memories@ processes
15
Q
abnormal funchting in temporal lobe leads to
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produce intense emotions@ such as elation when a person is manic
16
Q
frontal lobe
A
located right behind the forehead.
17
Q
abnormalities in frontal lobe associated with
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schizophrenia@ a psychological disorder characterized by profoundly unusual and impaired behavior@ expression of emotion@ and mental processing
18
Q
cerebral cortex
A
he outer layer of cells on the surface of the brain.
19
Q
Neuron
A
brain cells that process information related to physical@ mental@ and emotional functioning.
20
Q
limbic system three parts
A
plays a key role in emotions
21
Q
Hypothalamus
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governs bodily functions associated with eating@ drinking
22
Q
Amygdala
A
Automatic response to stimulus - before cortex analyzes it’s validity
23
Q
Hippocampus
A
works to store new information in memory of the sort that later can be voluntarily recalled
24
Q
3 types of neurons
A
sensory@ motor@ interneurons
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Interneurons vs. Projection neurons
have all the same cellular components but interneurons have short axons;
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sensory neuron
receive input from the sense organs
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Motor neurons
carry output that stimulates muscles and glands.
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Interneurons
lie between other neurons—sensory neurons@ motor neurons@ and/or other interneurons—and not myelinated
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brain circuits
Sets of connected neurons that work together to accomplish a basic process.
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brain systems
sets of brain circuits that work together to accomplish a complex function.
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when neurons fail to communicate appropriately@ leading brain systems to produce incorrect outputs. what happens
psychopathology
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4 parts of individual neurons
cell body
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cell body
Nucleus@ cytoplasm@ cell membrane
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axon
sends signals to other neurons.
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myelin sheath
covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
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Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
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Synapse
the place where the tip of the axon of one neuron sends signals to another neuron.
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terminal boutons
Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
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action petentials
The wave of chemical activity that moves from the cell body down the axon when a neuron fires.
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axon hillock
the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates
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how are neurons stimulated two ways
stimulated at their dendrites@
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glial cells
Glial cells are involved in the care and feeding of neurons@ and act as a kind of support system
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one reason for deficient in number of neurons and glial cells
one possible reason for such deficits may be that stress early in childhood
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synaptic cleft
The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.
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Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that are released by the terminal buttons and cross the synaptic cleft.
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Dopamine
Reward@ motivation@ executive function (in frontal lobes)@ control of movements
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Serotonin
Mood@ sleep@ motivation
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Acetylcholine
Storing new information in memory@ fight-or-flight response
49
Adrenaline
Attention@ fight-or-flight response
50
Noradrenaline (also called norepinephrine)
Attention@ fight-or-flight response
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Glutamate
Registering pain@ storing new information in memory
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Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
Inhibits brain activity in specific areas
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Endogenous cannabinoids
Emotion@ attention@ memory@ appetite@ control of movements
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how many can each NT have?
they can have more than one
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Receptors
Specialized sites on dendrites and cell bodies that respond only to specific molecules.
56
Dale's Law
The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells@ regardless of the identity of the target cell.
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three ways in which comm can be disrupted
neurons might have too many or too few dendrites or receptors@ making the neurons more or less sensitive@ r
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Reuptake
the process of moving leftover neurotransmitter molecules in the synapse back into the sending neuron.
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Nonspecific neuromodulators 4 types
1. NOREPINEPHERINE (NE - Adrenergic); LOCUS COERULEUS
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Diffuse Modulatory Systems
These neurotransmitters are synthesized by a relatively small set of neurons@ which have diffuse projections from this central core to multiple regions of the brain
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where do diffuse modulatory neurons release their NT
released into the extracellular fluid (rather than synaptic cleft) and diffuse to many neurons
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Synaptopathy
error in the synapse
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where are they made
Chemicals that are released directly into the bloodstream that activate or alter the activity of neurons.
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endocrine system
the body's slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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Cortisol produced where
Cortisol is a particularly important hormone@ which helps the body to cope with challenges by making more resources available; cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands
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Genes
Segments of DNA that control the production of particular proteins and other substances.
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Genotype
The sum of an organism's genes.
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Stress-Diathesis Model
Says that while genetic inheritance provides biological predisposition for schizophrenia@ stressors elicit the onset of the disease
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Phenotype
the sum of an organism's observable traits
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Complex inheritance
The transmission of traits that are expressed along a continuum by the interaction of sets of genes.
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behavioral geneticists
The field that investigates the degree to which the variability of characteristics in a population arises from genetic versus environmental factors.
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Heritability
n estimate of how much of the variation in a characteristic within a population (in a specific environment) can be attributed to genetics.
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monozygotic twins
Twins who have basically the same genetic makeup because they began life as a single fertilized egg (zygote)@ which then divided into two embryos; also referred to as identical twins.
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Dizygotic twins
Twins who developed from two fertilized eggs and so have the same overlap in genes (50%) as do siblings not conceived at the same time; also referred to as fraternal twins.
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reciprocal gene-environment model
people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder.
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three ways in which genes affect the environment
Passive interaction.
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classical conditioning
A type of learning that occurs when two stimuli are paired so that a neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that elicits a reflexive behavior; also referred to as Pavlovian conditioning.
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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that reflexively elicits a behavior.
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unconditioned response (UCR)
A behavior that is reflexively elicited by a stimulus.
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Conditioned stimulus (CS
A neutral stimulus that@ when paired with an unconditioned stimulus@ comes to elicit the reflexive behavior.
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Conditioned response (CR)
A response that comes to be elicited by the previously neutral stimulus that has become a conditioned stimulus.
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Conditioned emotional responses
Emotions and emotion-related behaviors that are classically conditioned.
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stimulus generalization
The process whereby responses come to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
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Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated depends on the consequences associated with the behavior.
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Reinforcement
The process by which the consequence of a behavior increases the likelihood of the behavior's recurrence.
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Positive reinforcement
desired reinforcer is received after a behavior@
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Negative reinforcement
uncomfortable stimulus is removed after a behavior@
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Punishment
The process by which an event or object that is the consequence of a behavior decreases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
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positive punishment
the type of punishment that takes place when a behavior is followed by an undesirable consequence@
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Negative punishment
The type of punishment that takes place when a behavior is followed by the r
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Observational learning
he process of learning through watching what happens to others; also referred to as modeling.
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learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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Three Mental Processes
Attention results in selecting certain stimuli@ including those that may be related to a disorder (van den Heuvel et al.@ 2005). W
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cognitive distortions
Dysfunctional@ maladaptive thoughts that are not accurate reflections of reality and contribute to psychological disorders.
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Cognitive Distortions: all or nothing thinking
Seeing things in black and white
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Cognitive Distortions: Overgeneralization
drawing sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applying those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original
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cognitive distortions mental filter
Focusing too strongly on negative qualities or events@ to the exclusion of the other qualities or events
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cognitive distortions: disqualifying the positive
Not recognizing or accepting positive experiences or events@ thus emphasizing the negative
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cognitive distortions jumping to conclusions
Making an unsubstantiated negative interpretation of events
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Cognitive Distortions: Personalization
Seeing yourself as the cause of a negative event when in fact you were not actually responsible
101
emotion
A short-lived experience evoked by a stimulus that produces a mental response@ a typical behavior@ and a positive or negative subjective feeling.
102
affect
An emotion that is associated with a particular idea or behavior@ similar to an attitude.
103
Inappropriate affect
An expression of emotion that is not appropriate to what a person is saying or to the situation.
104
flat affect
is a lack of@ or considerably diminished@ emotional expression
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labile affect
a pattern in which affect changes very rapidly—too rapidly.
106
Mood
A persistent emotion that is not attached to a stimulus; it exists in the background and influences mental processes@ mental contents@ and behavior.
107
Difficulty in regulating emotions three types of problems
Externalizing problems
108
two types of human emotions
approach emotions
109
4 parts of the brain that are involved in emotions
left frontal lobe
110
optimistic people have more activation in what lobe
more activation in the left frontal lobe tend to be more optimistic than people who generally have more activation in the right.
111
temperament
the aspects of personality that reflect a person's typical emotional state and emotional reactivity (including the speed and strength of reactions to stimuli).
112
four types of temperament
novelty seeking
113
novelty seeking temperament
Searching out novel stimuli and reacting positively to them; high levels can lead to being impulsive@ avoiding frustration@ and easily getting angry
114
harm avoidance temperment
Reacting very negatively to harm and avoiding it whenever possible
115
reward dependence temperament
Degree to which past behaviors that have led to desired outcomes in the past are repeated
116
persistence temperament
Making continued efforts in the face of frustration when attempting to accomplish something.
117
high expressed emotion
A family interaction style characterized by hostility@ unnecessary criticism@ or emotional overinvolvement.
118
5 types of child maltreatment influences on the individual
An altered bodily and neurological response to stress.
119
social support
The comfort and assistance that an individual receives through interactions with others.
120
social causation hypothesis
The hypothesis that the daily stressors of urban life@ especially as experienced by people in a lower socioeconomic class@ trigger mental illness in those who are vulnerable.
121
social selection hypothesis
The hypothesis that people who are mentally ill drift to a lower socioeconomic level because of their impairments; also referred to as social drift.
122
Acculturation
The adoption of cultural traits@ such as language@ by one group under the influence of another.
