Chapter 2 Notes Flashcards
(126 cards)
0
Q
Elements are represented by
A
One or two letter symbols
1
Q
Chemical element
A
The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
2
Q
How many elements play normal physiological rolls and humans
A
24
3
Q
Six elements account for 98.5% of the humans body weight they are
A
O, C, H, N , Ca , P
4
Q
Six elements account 0.8% of humans body weight they are
A
S, K, Na, CL, MG, Fe
5
Q
The 12 remaining elements are trace elements they are
A
CR, CO, Cu, F, I, MN, MO, SI, SM, V, ZN
6
Q
Minerals
A
Inorganic elements extracted from the soil by plants
7
Q
Atom
A
Particle so small that nothing can cut it
8
Q
Nucleus of an Adam is composed of
A
Protons and neutrons
9
Q
Protons have a
A
Single positive charge
10
Q
Neutrons have
A
No charge
11
Q
Around the nucleus are
A
One or more concentric clouds of electrons
12
Q
Electrons are
A
Tiny particles with a single negative charge
13
Q
Electrons determine
A
The chemical properties of an Atom
14
Q
The number of electrons equals
A
The number of protons
15
Q
Electrons from the nucleus and electrons shells and those of the outermost shell
A
Determine the bonding of an Atom
16
Q
Isotopes
A
Elements which different number of neutrons
17
Q
All isotopes
A
In an element behave the same chemically
18
Q
Radioisotopes
A
Isotopes that are unstable and decay to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation
19
Q
Ionizing radiation
A
High-energy radiation that destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues
20
Q
Ions
A
Charged particles with an equal number of protons and electrons
21
Q
An ion can be a single atom with a positive
A
or negative charge a group of atoms or as large as a protein with many charges
22
Q
Elements with 1 to 3 electrons in their outer shell
A
Tend to give up electrons
23
Q
Elements with 4 to 7 electrons in their outer shell
A
Tends to gain more electrons
24
Anions
Particles that gain electrons and acquire a negative charge
25
Cations
Particles that lose electrons and acquire a positive charge
26
Ions with opposite charges
Are attracted to each other and tend to follow each other through the body
27
Electrolytes
Compounds that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity
28
Electrolytes are important for
Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects and electrical effects
29
Free radicals
Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
30
Free radicals are produced by normal metabolic reactions
And combine with molecules converting them into free radicals
31
Anti-oxidant
A chemical that neutralizes free radicals
32
Molecules
Particles composed of two or more atoms united by a bond
33
Compounds
Molecules composed into two or more elements
34
Molecular formulae
Identify the elements in a molecule and show how many atoms of each present
35
Chemical bonds
Forces that hold the molecules together and attract to one another
36
Ionic bond
Week attraction of a cation to an anion that easily dissociates in the presence of something more attractive
37
Covalent bonds
Attraction between Atoms filled by the sharing of electrons
38
Single covalent bond
Sharing of a single pair of electrons
39
Double covalent bond
Sharing of two pairs of electrons
40
Hydrogen bond
A week attraction between a hydrogen atom in a molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen in another
41
Van der walls Forces
Weak brief attractions between neutral atoms
42
Most mixtures in our bodies are chemicals dissolved or suspended in
H2O
43
Solvency
The ability to dissolve other chemicals
44
Hydrophillic
Substances that dissolve in water
45
Hydrophobic
Substances that do not dissolve in water
46
Biological molecules must be dissolved in water to
Move freely come together and react
47
Adhesion
The tendency of one substance to cling to another
48
Water adheres to the bodies tissues and forms a
Lubricating film
49
Cohesion
The tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other
50
Water is very cohesive
Because of its hydrogen bonds
51
Surface tension
A force that holds water molecules together so they form an elastic later
52
Chemical reactivity
Water participates in chemical reactions by ionizing other chemicals
53
Thermalstability
Water has a high heat capacity and thus can absorb heat without changing temperature much
54
Solution
Particles under one nm mixed with a liquid (solvent)
55
Solution does not separate
When allowed to stand
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Colloids
Particles 1 to 100 nm mixed with a liquid
57
Particles will not pass through
Selectively permeable membrane
58
Suspension
Particles larger than 100 NM mixed with a liquid
59
Particles separate from liquid
On standing in a suspension
60
Weight per volume
8.5 g nacl per 1 liter of water
61
Percentages
Weight over volume or volume over volume
62
Molarity
Used to determine molecules over volume using molecular weight in grams
63
Acid
a proton donor
64
Base
The proton acceptor or OH donor.
65
The pH scale extends from
0.0 - 14.0
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Neutral solution
PH of 7.0
67
Acidic solution
PH below 7.0
68
Basic solution
PH above 7.0
69
The lower the pH
More H a solution has and the more acidic
70
Slight disturbances of pH
Can seriously disrupt the cells function
71
Energy
Capacity to do work
72
Potential energy
Energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but it is not doing work at the time
73
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion energy that is doing work
74
Chemical energy is potential energy
Stored in the bonds of molecules
75
Some chemical reactions release the energy
And make it available for work
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Chemical reaction
A process in which a bond is formed or broken
77
Decomposition reaction
A large molecule breaks down into smaller ones
78
Synthesis reaction
Small molecules combined to form a larger one
79
Exchange reaction
Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms
80
Metabolism
All Chemical reactions in the body
81
Catabolism
Energy releasing decomposition reactions
82
Anabolism
Energy storing synthesis reactions that require energy input
83
Carbon is a versatile atom that serves as the basis of
A Variety of structures
84
Carbon has 4 valance electrons so it bonds with other atoms that can provide it with
Four more electrons
85
Carbon bonds with other carbon to form
Long chains Branched molecules and rings
86
Carbon commonly bonds with
H O, N, and S
87
Functional groups
Small clusters of atoms attached to a carbon backbone which determine properties of an organic molecule
88
Hydroxyl
OH
89
Methyl
Ch3
90
Carboxyl
COOH
91
Amino
NH2
92
Phosphate
H2PO4
93
Monomers
Subunits
94
Polymers
Molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits
95
Dehydration synthesis
OH group is removed from a monomer and a -H from another producing h2o and forming a covalent bond
96
Hydrolysis
Water breaks down to OH and H covalent bond is broken between monomers and with OH added to one monomer and H added to another.
97
Carbohydrate
Hydrophilic organic molecule with the general formula CH2O
98
Simplest carbs
Monomers, Monosaccharides
99
Three primary carbs
Glucose, fructose, galactose
100
Glucose is
Blood sugar providing energy for most cells
101
Diasccharides
Sugars composed of two monosaccharides important ones are sucrose lactose and maltose
102
Oligosaccharides
Short chain of three or more monosaccharides
103
Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides
104
Glycogen
Energy storage molecule made by cells of live muscles brain uterus and vagina
105
Starch
Energy storage molecule of plants that is digestible by humans
106
Cellulose
Molecule that gives strength to the cell walls of plants not digestible by humans
107
ATP
Carbs are converted into glucose which oxidized creates it.
108
Glycolipds
Component of cell surface coat
109
Glycoproteins
Component of cell surface coat and mucus
110
Proteoglycans
Cell adhesion lubrication and filler of some tissues
111
Lipid
A hydrophobic organic molecule with high ration of H to O
112
Fatty acid
A chain of carbon atoms with a cooh at one end and ch3 on the other
113
Saturated fatty acid
Has as much hydrogens as it can hold
114
Unsaturated fatty acid
Contains some double bonds so hydrogen could be added to the molecule
115
Triglyceride
A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol
116
Oils
Triglycerides that are liquid at room temp.
117
Saturated fats
Solid at room or body temp
118
Adipose tissue
Energy storage, insulation and cushions organs
119
Phospholipids
Similar to triglycerides except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group.
120
The fatty acids are
Hydrophobic but Phosphate is hydrophilic
121
Phospholipids serve as
Foundations for cell membranes
122
Eicosaniods
20 carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid
Function as a hormone like chemical signals between cells
123
Prostogladians
Play a variety of signaling roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, etc.
124
Cholesterol
A lipid with Carbons arranged in four rings
The parent from which steroids are formed
Required for nervous system functions.
125
Steroids
Hormones
