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A & P > Chapter 2 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Notes Flashcards

0
Q

Elements are represented by

A

One or two letter symbols

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1
Q

Chemical element

A

The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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2
Q

How many elements play normal physiological rolls and humans

A

24

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3
Q

Six elements account for 98.5% of the humans body weight they are

A

O, C, H, N , Ca , P

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4
Q

Six elements account 0.8% of humans body weight they are

A

S, K, Na, CL, MG, Fe

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5
Q

The 12 remaining elements are trace elements they are

A

CR, CO, Cu, F, I, MN, MO, SI, SM, V, ZN

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6
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic elements extracted from the soil by plants

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7
Q

Atom

A

Particle so small that nothing can cut it

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8
Q

Nucleus of an Adam is composed of

A

Protons and neutrons

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9
Q

Protons have a

A

Single positive charge

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10
Q

Neutrons have

A

No charge

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11
Q

Around the nucleus are

A

One or more concentric clouds of electrons

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12
Q

Electrons are

A

Tiny particles with a single negative charge

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13
Q

Electrons determine

A

The chemical properties of an Atom

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14
Q

The number of electrons equals

A

The number of protons

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15
Q

Electrons from the nucleus and electrons shells and those of the outermost shell

A

Determine the bonding of an Atom

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16
Q

Isotopes

A

Elements which different number of neutrons

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17
Q

All isotopes

A

In an element behave the same chemically

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18
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Isotopes that are unstable and decay to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation

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19
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

High-energy radiation that destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues

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20
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles with an equal number of protons and electrons

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21
Q

An ion can be a single atom with a positive

A

or negative charge a group of atoms or as large as a protein with many charges

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22
Q

Elements with 1 to 3 electrons in their outer shell

A

Tend to give up electrons

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23
Q

Elements with 4 to 7 electrons in their outer shell

A

Tends to gain more electrons

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24
Q

Anions

A

Particles that gain electrons and acquire a negative charge

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25
Q

Cations

A

Particles that lose electrons and acquire a positive charge

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26
Q

Ions with opposite charges

A

Are attracted to each other and tend to follow each other through the body

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27
Q

Electrolytes

A

Compounds that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity

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28
Q

Electrolytes are important for

A

Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects and electrical effects

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29
Q

Free radicals

A

Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

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30
Q

Free radicals are produced by normal metabolic reactions

A

And combine with molecules converting them into free radicals

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31
Q

Anti-oxidant

A

A chemical that neutralizes free radicals

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32
Q

Molecules

A

Particles composed of two or more atoms united by a bond

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33
Q

Compounds

A

Molecules composed into two or more elements

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34
Q

Molecular formulae

A

Identify the elements in a molecule and show how many atoms of each present

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35
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Forces that hold the molecules together and attract to one another

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36
Q

Ionic bond

A

Week attraction of a cation to an anion that easily dissociates in the presence of something more attractive

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37
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Attraction between Atoms filled by the sharing of electrons

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38
Q

Single covalent bond

A

Sharing of a single pair of electrons

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39
Q

Double covalent bond

A

Sharing of two pairs of electrons

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40
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A week attraction between a hydrogen atom in a molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen in another

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41
Q

Van der walls Forces

A

Weak brief attractions between neutral atoms

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42
Q

Most mixtures in our bodies are chemicals dissolved or suspended in

A

H2O

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43
Q

Solvency

A

The ability to dissolve other chemicals

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44
Q

Hydrophillic

A

Substances that dissolve in water

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45
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances that do not dissolve in water

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46
Q

Biological molecules must be dissolved in water to

A

Move freely come together and react

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47
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of one substance to cling to another

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48
Q

Water adheres to the bodies tissues and forms a

A

Lubricating film

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49
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other

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50
Q

Water is very cohesive

A

Because of its hydrogen bonds

51
Q

Surface tension

A

A force that holds water molecules together so they form an elastic later

52
Q

Chemical reactivity

A

Water participates in chemical reactions by ionizing other chemicals

53
Q

Thermalstability

A

Water has a high heat capacity and thus can absorb heat without changing temperature much

54
Q

Solution

A

Particles under one nm mixed with a liquid (solvent)

55
Q

Solution does not separate

A

When allowed to stand

56
Q

Colloids

A

Particles 1 to 100 nm mixed with a liquid

57
Q

Particles will not pass through

A

Selectively permeable membrane

58
Q

Suspension

A

Particles larger than 100 NM mixed with a liquid

59
Q

Particles separate from liquid

A

On standing in a suspension

60
Q

Weight per volume

A

8.5 g nacl per 1 liter of water

61
Q

Percentages

A

Weight over volume or volume over volume

62
Q

Molarity

A

Used to determine molecules over volume using molecular weight in grams

63
Q

Acid

A

a proton donor

64
Q

Base

A

The proton acceptor or OH donor.

65
Q

The pH scale extends from

A

0.0 - 14.0

66
Q

Neutral solution

A

PH of 7.0

67
Q

Acidic solution

A

PH below 7.0

68
Q

Basic solution

A

PH above 7.0

69
Q

The lower the pH

A

More H a solution has and the more acidic

70
Q

Slight disturbances of pH

A

Can seriously disrupt the cells function

71
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

72
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but it is not doing work at the time

73
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion energy that is doing work

74
Q

Chemical energy is potential energy

A

Stored in the bonds of molecules

75
Q

Some chemical reactions release the energy

A

And make it available for work

76
Q

Chemical reaction

A

A process in which a bond is formed or broken

77
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

A large molecule breaks down into smaller ones

78
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

Small molecules combined to form a larger one

79
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

80
Q

Metabolism

A

All Chemical reactions in the body

81
Q

Catabolism

A

Energy releasing decomposition reactions

82
Q

Anabolism

A

Energy storing synthesis reactions that require energy input

83
Q

Carbon is a versatile atom that serves as the basis of

A

A Variety of structures

84
Q

Carbon has 4 valance electrons so it bonds with other atoms that can provide it with

A

Four more electrons

85
Q

Carbon bonds with other carbon to form

A

Long chains Branched molecules and rings

86
Q

Carbon commonly bonds with

A

H O, N, and S

87
Q

Functional groups

A

Small clusters of atoms attached to a carbon backbone which determine properties of an organic molecule

88
Q

Hydroxyl

A

OH

89
Q

Methyl

A

Ch3

90
Q

Carboxyl

A

COOH

91
Q

Amino

A

NH2

92
Q

Phosphate

A

H2PO4

93
Q

Monomers

A

Subunits

94
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits

95
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

OH group is removed from a monomer and a -H from another producing h2o and forming a covalent bond

96
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water breaks down to OH and H covalent bond is broken between monomers and with OH added to one monomer and H added to another.

97
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Hydrophilic organic molecule with the general formula CH2O

98
Q

Simplest carbs

A

Monomers, Monosaccharides

99
Q

Three primary carbs

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

100
Q

Glucose is

A

Blood sugar providing energy for most cells

101
Q

Diasccharides

A

Sugars composed of two monosaccharides important ones are sucrose lactose and maltose

102
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Short chain of three or more monosaccharides

103
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long chains of monosaccharides

104
Q

Glycogen

A

Energy storage molecule made by cells of live muscles brain uterus and vagina

105
Q

Starch

A

Energy storage molecule of plants that is digestible by humans

106
Q

Cellulose

A

Molecule that gives strength to the cell walls of plants not digestible by humans

107
Q

ATP

A

Carbs are converted into glucose which oxidized creates it.

108
Q

Glycolipds

A

Component of cell surface coat

109
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Component of cell surface coat and mucus

110
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Cell adhesion lubrication and filler of some tissues

111
Q

Lipid

A

A hydrophobic organic molecule with high ration of H to O

112
Q

Fatty acid

A

A chain of carbon atoms with a cooh at one end and ch3 on the other

113
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Has as much hydrogens as it can hold

114
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Contains some double bonds so hydrogen could be added to the molecule

115
Q

Triglyceride

A

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

116
Q

Oils

A

Triglycerides that are liquid at room temp.

117
Q

Saturated fats

A

Solid at room or body temp

118
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Energy storage, insulation and cushions organs

119
Q

Phospholipids

A

Similar to triglycerides except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group.

120
Q

The fatty acids are

A

Hydrophobic but Phosphate is hydrophilic

121
Q

Phospholipids serve as

A

Foundations for cell membranes

122
Q

Eicosaniods

A

20 carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid

Function as a hormone like chemical signals between cells

123
Q

Prostogladians

A

Play a variety of signaling roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, etc.

124
Q

Cholesterol

A

A lipid with Carbons arranged in four rings

The parent from which steroids are formed

Required for nervous system functions.

125
Q

Steroids

A

Hormones

A & P (4 decks)

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