Chapter 4 Notes

Question 0

The nucleic acids

Answer 0

DNA and RNA

Question 1

DNA is polymer of

Answer 1

Nucleotides

Question 2

Nucleotides consist of:

Answer 2

Sugar, Phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Question 3

Nitrogenous bases are:

Answer 3

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), adenine (A), and guanine (G)

Question 4

DNA is described as a

Answer 4

Double helix resembling a spiral staircase

Question 5

Each side piece is composed of?

Answer 5

Phosphate groups alternating with deoxyribose (sugar)

Question 6

The step like connections are pairs of?

Answer 6

Nitrogenous bases (A-T, G-C) which hold the side pieces together with hydrogen bonds.

Question 7

The essential function of the DNA and RNA is to:

Answer 7

Carry out instructions for the synthesis of proteins.

Question 8

RNA consists of how many nucleotide chains?

Answer 8

Only one

Question 9

The sugar is what?

Answer 9

Ribose

Question 10

RNA has no what?

Answer 10

No thiamine but uracil takes its place.

Question 11

mRNA

Answer 11

the molecule that carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 12

tRNA-

Answer 12

Binds a free amino acid and delivers it to the ribosome.

Question 13

Ribosome is?

Answer 13

The molecule that reads the mRNA

Question 14

Gene -

Answer 14

An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA

Question 15

Genome

Answer 15

All the Dna in a set of 23 pairs of Chromesomes

Question 16

Transcription

Answer 16

The process of copying genetic instruction from DNA to a complementary RNA

Question 17

Translation

Answer 17

The process of reading the mRNA and synthesizing he protein encoded in the nucleotide sequence

Question 18

Initiation

Answer 18

I. mRNA outside the nucleus forms a loop

II. The ribosomal subunits and the initiator tRNA bind to the mRNA

III. The ribosome begins sliding along the mRNA reading bases

Question 19

Elongation

Answer 19

I. The tRNA that matches the next sequence on the mRNA binds to the ribosome

II. The amino acid for the previous tRNA binds to the new amino acid on the new tRNA

III. The ribosomes reaches the stop sequence on the mRNA and the previous tRNA leaves the ribosomes

Question 20

Termination

Answer 20

The ribosome reaches the stop sequence on the mRNA and releases from the mRNA

Question 21

DNA Replication

Answer 21

1. Double helix upward
2. The enzyme DNA polymerase moves along the strand, reads the exposed base and arranges a match with complimentary free nucleotides
3. Each old (parental) strand has a new (daughter) complementary strand Resulting in two identical copies of daughter DNA

Question 22

Mitosis (cell division)

Answer 22

1. Functions
   a. Development of an individual
   b. Growth of tissues and Organs after birth
   C. Replacement of cells
   D. Repair of damaged tissue.

Question 23

Prophase

Answer 23

I. Chromosomes coil into compact rods which consist of two identical sister chromatids

II. The nuclear envelope disintegrates.

Question 24

Metaphase

Answer 24

The Chromosomes align at the cell equator

Question 25

Anaphase

Answer 25

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 26

Telophase

Answer 26

I. A new nuclear envelope forms around the chromatids

II. The chromatids uncoil

Question 27

Cytokinesis

Answer 27

Division of the cytoplasm into two cells