Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hematology > Chapter 2 Organization of Lymph/Immune > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Organization of Lymph/Immune Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The body system responsible for adaptive immunity

A

Lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lymphatic system consists of:

A

Lymph

Lymphatic vessels

Structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue

Red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes

A

Lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

After interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic vessels, it is called:

A

Lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Main difference between interstitial fluid/lymph and plasma

A

Interstitial fluid and lymph contain less protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Each day, about __ liters of fluid filter from blood into tissue spaces

A

20 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

__ liters of fluid filtered daily from the arterial end of blood capillaries return to the blood directly by reabsorption at the venous end of capillaries

A

17 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lymphatic system three primary functions

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid

Transports dietary lipids

Carries out immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basic flow of lymph

A

Lymph capillaries

Lymph vessels

Thoracic duct OR right lymphatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Structure of lymphatic vessels compared to veins

A

Thinner walls and more valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is located along lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Masses of B cells and T cells that are surrounded by a capsule

A

Lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main lymph-collecting duct, receives lymph from the left side of head, neck, chest, upper limb, and entire body below the ribs

A

Thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Drains lymph from the upper right side of the body

A

Right lymphatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thoracic duct empties lymph into:

A

Junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Right lymphatic duct empties its lymph into:

A

Junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two pumps that aid the flow of lymph

A

Skeletal muscle pump

Respiratory pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where stem cells give rise to mature B cells and immature T cells

A

Red bone marrow (flat bones and ends of long bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T cells mature into function T cells.

Two lobed organ located posterior to the sternum.

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone marrow

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs (sites where most immune responses occur)

A

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Lymphatic nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lymph nodes are heavily concentrated near:

A

Mammary glands

Axillae

Groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lymph nodes contain:

A

B cells

T cells

Plasma cells

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Location of the spleen

A

Between the stomach and diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Two types of tissues found in the spleen
White pulp (B & T cells carry out immune responses) Red pulp (Blood sinuses that filter out old blood)
26
Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue Lining of the GI, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts
Lymphatic nodules
27
Innate immunity: First line of defense.
Barriers from skin and mucous membranes
28
Innate immunity: Second line of defense.
Internal defenses - Antimicrobial substances - Natural killer cells - Phagocytes - Inflammation - Fever
29
Adaptive immunity involves:
B and T cells
30
Two types of adaptive immunity
Cell-mediated Antibody-mediated
31
Refers to a wide variety that serve to protect us against an invasion. We are born with this kind of immunity.
Innate immunity
32
Specialized cells that perform phagocytosis. Ingest microbes or other particles.
Phagocytes
33
5-10% of lymphocytes. Ability to kill a wide variety of microbes and tumor cells. Cause the cell death by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane
Natural killer cells
34
Natural killer cells are found:
Spleen Nodes Red bone marrow
35
Non-specific response of body to tissue damage. Prevents the spread to other tissues and prepares site for repair.
Inflammation
36
Belong to a group of plasma proteins called globulins. Known as immunoglobulins.
Antibodies
37
Five classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies)
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
38
Percentage of IgG compared to all antibodies in blood
80%
39
Percentage of IgA in blood compared to all other antibodies
10-15%
40
Percentage of IgM compared to other antibodies in blood
5-10%
41
Percentage of IgD and IgE compared to other antibodies in blood
IgD = 0.2% IgE = 0.1%
42
Antibodies: Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis. Only antibody to cross the placenta from mother to fetus.
IgG
43
Antibodies: Found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and GI secretions. Levels decrease during stress.
IgA
44
Antibodies: First antibody secreted by plasma cells to any antigen. This is the antibody that binds to A and B antigens during incompatible blood transfusions.
IgM
45
Antibodies: Found on surfaces of B cells. Primarily involved in B cell activation.
IgD
46
Antibodies: Located on mast cells and basophils. Primarily involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions. Provides protection against parasitic worms.
IgE
47
Antimicrobial substances: Various body fluids contain four main types that discourage microbial growth.
1. Lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses produce proteins called interferons (IFNs). 2. Proteins in blood plasma & plasma membranes makes of the complement system. 3. Iron-binding proteins 4. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
48
What diffuses to other neighboring cells, where they stimulate synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication?
Interferons (IFNs)
49
When activated, what proteins "complement" or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions?
Proteins in blood plasma and plasma membranes
50
Short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Dermicidin (sweat glands) Defensins & Cathelicidins (neutrophils, macrophages, epithelia) Thrombocidin (platelets)
Antimicrobial proteins (AMP)
51
When microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or bypass the antimicrobial substances in blood, the next defense consists of:
Phagocytes Natural Killer cells
52
Four signs and symptoms of inflammation:
Redness Pain Heat Swelling
53
Many bacterial toxins elevate body temperature, sometimes by triggering release of fever-causing substances such as:
Interleukin-1 from macrophages
54
What does having a fever do?
Intensifies effects of interferons Inhibits growth of microbes Speeds up body reactions that aid in repair
55
Immunity the involves the production of specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a particular antigen
Adaptive (specific)
56
Branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens
Immunology
57
Lack of reaction of a person's adaptive immune against their own tissues and chemicals
Self-tolerance
58
Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes called:
B and T cells
59
Two major types of mature T cells that exit the thymus
Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells
60
Two types of adaptive immunity
Cell-mediated Antibody-mediated
61
In cell-mediated immunity, _____ directly attack invading antigens
Cytotoxic T cells
62
In antibody-mediated immunity, ______ transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies
B cells
63
What cells aid the immune responses of both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity?
Helped T cells
64
Cell-mediated immunity is particularly effective against:
1) Intracellular pathogens 2) Some cancer cells 3) Foreign tissue transplants
65
Antibody-mediated immunity is also referred to as:
Humoral immunity
66
Process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (forms more highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen
Clonal Selection
67
Clonal selection of lymphocytes occurs in:
Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
68
A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selection gives rise to what two major types of cells in the close?
Effector cells Memory cells
69
What cells eventually die after the immune response has been completed?
Effector cells
70
What cells do not die at the end of an immune response. Instead, have long life spans (usually decades)
Memory cells
71
Antibody generator
Antigen
72
Located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells "self-antigens"
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Proteins
73
The reason tissues may be rejected when they are transplanted from one person to another Normal function is to help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Proteins
74
Antigens induce ____ cells to secrete proteins known as antibodies
plasma
75
Most antibodies contain ___ polypeptide chains
four
76
In a sick patient, a high level of ___ against a particular pathogen helps identify the cause of illness
IgM
77
Resistance of the fetus and newborn to infection stems from:
IgG (placenta) IgA (breast milk)
78
When would T cells ignore an antigen-MHC complex?
If the fragment comes from a self-protein
79
Antigen-MHC complex is inserted into the plasma membrane of a body cell
Antigen presentation

Hematology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions