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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2: OVERVIEW of the HUMAN BODY > Flashcards

Chapter 2: OVERVIEW of the HUMAN BODY Flashcards

(136 cards)

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1
Q

Vertical Plane

A

Two major divisions or surfaces: Frontal. and midsagittal planes

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2
Q

Frontal Plane (coronal plane)

A

an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into its anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections

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3
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

plane divides the right and left sides of the body into equal sections, and is more commonly called the midline

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4
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

provides on major division :Transverse Plane

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5
Q

Transverse Plane

A

an imaginary line dividing the body’s superior (top, upper) section and its inferior (bottom, lower) section

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6
Q

Ventral

A

the front or anterior surface of the body including the chest, abdomen, shins, as well as the palms and the soles of the feet

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Also refers to being located at the front. Often used when describing the location of a body structure (the stomach is anterior to the spine)

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8
Q

Dorsal

A

The back or posterior surface of the body, including the back, scapulae (shoulder blades), buttocks, leg calves, as well as the tops of the hands and feet

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9
Q

Posterior

A

also refers to being located at the back. Often used when describing the location of a body structure (the spine is posterior to the stomach)

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10
Q

Superior

A

an area that is above, on top of another area, or directed toward the head (the head is superior to the bowel)

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11
Q

Cephalic

A

Directed toward or situated on, in, or near the head

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12
Q

Inferior

A

An area that is below, under another area, or directed toward the feet (the bowel is inferior to the heart)

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13
Q

Caudal

A

Directed away from the head, toward the feet

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14
Q

Proximal

A

Situated closer to the body, to the point of attachment to the body, or to another structure (the upper arm is proximal to the body)

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15
Q

Distal

A

Situated further from the body, to the point of attachment to the body, or to another structure (the wrist is distal to the upper arm)

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16
Q

Medial

A

Situated closer to the body’s dividing line (the midline), or to another structure (the big toe is located on the medial side of the foot)

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17
Q

Lateral

A

Situated further away from the body’s midline, or from another structure (the small toe is located on the lateral side of the foot)

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18
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

located along the dorsal side (back) of the body and has two divisions: Cranial cavity and spinal cavity

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19
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Located in the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

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20
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

Located within the spinal column, surround and protects the spinal cord

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21
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Located on the ventral side (front) of the body and has three divisions: Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity

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22
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

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23
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Surrounds and protects digestive system organs (stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder) and the spleen, and has a multi-layered membrane called the peritoneum that holds the organs in place

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24
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

is the the outer layer that lines the abdominal wall

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25
Mesentery
is a fold/layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches portions of the small bowel to the abdominal wall
26
Visceral peritoneum
is the innermost layer, closest to the organs
27
Pelvic Cavity
Houses and protects the organs of reproduction and excretion
28
Right Hypochondriac
upper right, beginning below the lower right ribs
29
Left Hypochondriac
Upper left, beginning below the lower left ribs
30
Epigastric
Upper middle, above the umbilical region
31
Right Lumbar
Right flank at waist level, posteriorly (at the back)
32
Left Lumbar
Left flank at waist level, posteriorly (at the back)
33
Umbilical
surrounding the umblicus (navel)
34
Right Iliac
lower right, at the level of the hip bones
35
Left Iliac
lower left, at the level of the hip bones
36
Hypogastric (pubic region)
Lower middle, below the umbilical region
37
RUQ (right upper quadrant)
lower right rib cage to the umbilicus, from the right side of the body to the midline
38
LUQ (left upper quadrant)
lower left rib cage to the umbilicus, from the left side of the body to the midline
39
RLQ (right lower quadrant)
umbilicus to the right groin (the right inguinal area), from the right side of the body to the midline
40
LLQ (left lower quadrant)
umbilicus to the left groin (the inguinal area), from the left side of the body to the midline
41
Dominant Gene
a gene that expresses itself strongly, overtakes and outperforms a recessive gene
42
Recessive gene
a gene that is masked, suppressed, or overshadowed by a dominant gene
43
Genome
a complete set of all the genetic information needed to create, build and maintain the body, found in the body's genes and DNA
44
DNA
molecules in the cell's nucleus that are packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. DNA provides hereditary information (i.e. physical traits and characteristics, and the probability and rate of disease processes)
45
Chromosome
genetic structure made up of DNA, found within each cell's nucleus
46
Genetic Disorder (hereditary disorder)
a medical condition caused by a defective, absent or extra gene, which can be apparent at birth or develop later in the life cycle
47
Cytology
The study of the cell's structure, anatomy, functions, and chemical characteristics
48
Cytologist
The specialist who analyzes the cells' features and attributes
49
Histologist
A specialist who examines and evaluates tissue samples from any of the four types of tissues: muscle, nerve, connective and epithelial
50
Muscle
Tissue with characteristics that allow it to tighten and contract, expand and relax
51
Nerve
tissue with properties that respond to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
52
Connective
Four types of specialized tissue that support and connect/attach organs and other tissues: adipose, dense, loose, and liquid
53
Adipose
fat tissue that provides insulation and padding
54
Dense
thick tissue such as bone and cartilage
55
Loose
Surrounds organs and supports blood vessels
56
Liquid
Transports nutrients throughout the body and removes wastes
57
Epithelial
Tissue that lines and protects the body's cavities, and internal and external surfaces. Some epithelial cells group together to form glands that have the ability to secrete substances and hormones
58
Exocrine
Gland that secretes a substance into a duct
59
Endocrine
gland that secretes a hormones directly into the bloodstream
60
Adenitis
Inflammation of a gland
61
Adenocarcinoma
malignant tumour of a gland
62
Adenoma
Benign tumour of a gland
63
Adenomalacia
Abnormal softening of a gland
64
Adenosclerosis
condition of abnormal hardening of a gland
65
Adenosis
any condition or disease of a gland
66
Adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
67
Aplasia
Absence or defective development of tissue
68
Hypoplasia
Underdeveloped tissue due to a shortage of cells in the tissue
69
Anaplasia
Tissue structure changes due to alterations in the cells' structure and usual characteristics
70
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth of cells and tissues
71
Hyperplasia
Tissue enlargement due to an increase in the number of cells in the tissue
72
Hypertrophy
Tissue enlargement due to an increase in the size of the cells in the tissue
73
Skeletal
Offers support and shape to the body, protects internal organs
74
Muscular
allows the body to move
75
Lymphatic
removes wastes, destroys harmful substances
76
Immune
defends the body and protects it from infections and allergens
77
Respiratory
Brings oxygen into the body, removes carbon dioxide
78
Digestive
Processes and absorbs foods, eliminates wastes
79
Urinary
Filters blood to remove wastes, maintains chemical and fluid balances
80
Nervous
Responds to stimuli, transmits electrical messages to and from the brain
81
Special Senses
See and hear information, and transmit the information
82
Integumentary
Protects the body from microorganisms, regulates temperature
83
Endocrine
Assimilates and integrates all body functions, transports hormones
84
Reproductive
Produces and creates new life
85
Pathology
The study of disease, its features and characteristics
86
Etiology
The study of the causes of diseases
87
Pathogens
Microorganisms that cause a disease
88
Ways of Transmission and spread of Pathogens between People
Direct contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne, vector, and vehicle route
89
Direct Contact
Transmission is from one person to another person (i.e. pathogen is transmitted during a handshake)
90
Indirect Contact
Transmission is from a person, to an inanimate object, to another person (i.e. infected person touches a doorknob, and another person acquires the pathogen when he touches the same doorknob)
91
Droplet
Transmission is through pathogens expelled during a cough or sneeze
92
Airborne
Transmission is through germs, dust or evaporated skin and hair particles
93
Vector
Transmission is via an insect, a bird, or an animal
94
Vehicle route
Transmission is via food, water, blood or other body fluids: Food-borne, water-borne, blood-borne
95
Endemic
ongoing presence of disease within a population
96
Epidemic
Widespread outbreak of disease within a specific group or area
97
Pandemic
Outbreak of disease over a large geographic area, potentially worldwide
98
Functional Disorder
Symptoms, with no visible source
99
Organic Disorder
Symptoms, with detectable physical changes
100
Idiopathic disorder
illness with no known cause
101
Congenital
condition that is evident at the time of birth
102
Nosocomial
Infection acquired in a healthcare environment
103
Iatrogenic
condition caused by a prescribed medical treatment
104
Aden/o
gland
105
Adip/o
fat
106
Anter/o
in front, before
107
Caud/o
lower part of the body
108
Cephal/o
head
109
Crani/o
Skull
110
Cyt/o
Cell
111
Dors/o
Back of the body
112
Gen/o
gene
113
Hist/o
tissue
114
Ili/o
ilium, hip bone
115
Medi/o
middle
116
Path/o
disease
117
Plas/o
growth, formation
118
Poster/o
in back, behind
119
Ventr/o
in front, abdomen side
120
a-
no, without
121
dys-
bad, difficult, abnormal
122
en-, end-, endo-
inside, within
123
epi-
above
124
exo-
outside
125
hyper-
increased, excessive
126
hypo-
decreased, deficient
127
pan-
all, entire
128
-crine
to secrete
129
-ectomy
surgical removal
130
-itis
inflammation
131
-malacia
abnormal softening
132
-ologist
specialist
133
-osis
abnormal condition, disease
134
-plasia
growth, formation
135
-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
136
-trophy
development

Medical Terminology (3 decks)

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