Chapter 2 - Pharmacokinetics & Individual Varation

Question 1

Bioavailability

Answer 1

Percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed

Question 2

Drug Absorption

Answer 2

entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration

Question 3

Drug Addiction

Answer 3

Condition of drug abuse and drug dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior

Question 4

Drug Dependence

Answer 4

Condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug, characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence

Question 5

Drug Distribution

Answer 5

Passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body

Question 6

Drug excretion

Answer 6

Elimination of the drug from the body

Question 7

Drug metabolism

Answer 7

The enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites

Question 8

Drug Microsomal Metabolizing System (DMMS)

Answer 8

Group of Enzymes located primarily in the liver that function to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs

Question 9

Drug Tolerance

Answer 9

Decreased drug effect occurring after repeated drug administration

Question 10

Enzyme Induction

Answer 10

Increase in the amount of drug-metabolzing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs

Question 11

Enzyme Inhibition

Answer 11

Inhibition of a drug-metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs.

Question 12

First-pass metabolism

Answer 12

Drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation

Question 13

Half-Life

Answer 13

Time required for the body to reduce the amount of drug in the plasma by one-half

Question 14

Individual Variation

Answer 14

Difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from ones person to another

Question 15

Intramuscular (IM) Injection

Answer 15

Route of drug administration; drug is injected into gluteal or deltoid muscles

Question 16

Intravenous (IV) Injection

Answer 16

Route of drug administration; drug is infected directly into a vein

Question 17

loading dose

Answer 17

Initial drug dose administered to rabidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations

Question 18

Maintenance Does

Answer 18

Dose administered to maintain drug blood levels in the therapeutic range

Question 19

Oral Administration

Answer 19

route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing

Question 20

Parenteral Administration

Answer 20

Route of drug administration that does not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Question 21

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 21

describes the processes of drub absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, and drug excretion

Question 22

Pregnancy category A

Answer 22

Drug studies in pregnant women have not yet demonstrated risk to the fetus

Question 23

Pregnancy category B

Answer 23

Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women; animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk

Question 24

Pregnancy category C

Answer 24

Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to the fetus is unknown

Question 25

Pregnancy category D

Answer 25

Drug studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus. The benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy

Question 26

Pregnancy category X

Answer 26

Drug studies have revealed teratogenic effects in women and/or animals. Fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy

Question 27

Pregnancy category NR

Answer 27

Drug has not yet been rated by FDA

Question 28

Drugs with Teratogenic Risk (Table 2.3)

Answer 28

``` Androgens (male hormone) Carbamazepine Diethylstilbestrol Estrogen (female hormone) Lithium Phenytoin Retinoic acid Thalidomide Warfarin ```

Question 29

Incompatibility

Answer 29

Usually refers to physical alterations of drugs that occur before administration when different drugs are mixed in the same syringe or other container

Question 30

Additive effects

Answer 30

When the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects

Question 31

Summation

Answer 31

When the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response but by a different mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects

Question 32

Synergism

Answer 32

When the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects

Question 33

Antagonism

Answer 33

When the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects