Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Overdose of acetaminophen can what?

Answer 1

Are hepatotoxic and be fatal if the antidote is not administered.

Answer 2

The antidote is acetylcysteine (Mucomyst). This is a mucolytic agent that is utilized in respiratory therapy and breaks up mucous plugs in the respiratory tract. Administered orally, which is difficult because it smells like rotten eggs.

Answer 3

This is a progressive auto-immune disease, that are worse if it begins at an earlier stage in life. Treatment begins with the least toxic agents (i.e. salicylates, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents). But as the disease progresses, more toxic agents are utilized.

Answer 4

This is the preferred method of treating rheumatoid arthritis. This can be administered either via injection every few weeks (gold thiomalate) or orally every day (auronofin)

Answer 5

These agents may be used with methotrexate (chemotherapeutic drug) to slow progression of rheumatoid arthritis by blocking inflammation.

Answer 6

These agents are used to treat cancer and are extremely toxic and reserved for late stage treatment. These kill cancer cells but also decrease the body's immune response.

Answer 7

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an auto-immune disease in which the body produces antibodies that destroy their own joints. Drugs that treat RA are chemotheraputic and decrease the immune response will slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis, but there are toxicities associated with this therapy that include bone marrow depression.

Answer 8

Gouty arthritis is an inborn error of one of two causes. 1. metabolic error of over production of uric acid due to the breakdown of cells and the nucleic acid of those cells. 2. an error in the kidney's ability to eliminate uric acid which leads to a blood build up of uric acid. Excess concentrations of uric acid builds up in the blood stream and then crystallizes in the joints causing joint damage.

Answer 9

A headache, also known as cephalaglais, is defined as pain in the head or neck region and there are several possible causes. Headaches can be chronic (more than 15 in a month) or non-chronic and are typically categorized by primary and secondary headaches. Treatment of headaches usually consists medications that act on the peripheral and central nervous systems. These medications relieve the pain and are known as painkillers (analgesics).

Answer 10

Acute therapy consists of medications that severe vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels, so that those blood vessels no longer impinge on nerves. Overuse of these medications can cause severe vasoconstriction of other blood vessels, that can lead to heart attacks and gangrene of the extremities.

Answer 11

These medications are reserved for patients who have 2 to 3 bouts of migraines a month, to help prevent a migraine from developing.

Answer 12

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory are analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. treat pain by blocking COX-1 and COX-2 in the central nervous system. NSAIDs are divided by into several categories. The most common are salicylates (aspirin), and propionic acid derivatives (Ibuprofen, naproxen). NSAID's block two receptors, Cox-1 and Cox-2 (cyclo-oxygenase receptors).

Answer 13

GI Effects, nausea, ulcerations, sodium and water retention, decreased renal function, anti-platelet properities

Answer 14

1. Cox-1 causes cytoprotection of the GI mucosa. Blocking Cox-1 can lead to ulceration, which is an adverse reaction associated with NSAID's. 2. Cox-2 inhibitors are a new class of anti-inflammatory agents that only block Cox-2 receptors. Blocking Cox-2 receptors decrease inflammation, which is therapeutic for arthritis. The Cox-2 inhibitors supposedly have a lower incidence of GI ulceration, but are no more effective than NSAID's in treating arthritis.

Answer 15

These are more toxic and are reserved when lesser toxic drugs are no longer effective. These requires three months until onset of action, therefore another agent must be utilized at the same time. Patients require eye exams while on this agent. Once retinopathies are noted, therapy must be stopped.

Answer 16

Steroid injections directly into the affected joint is utilized, when only a few joints are involved. There is little concern of systemic steroid adverse reactions, because the medication stays localized in the joint area following the injection.

Answer 17

There is concern of systemic adverse reactions when oral systemic steroids are administered. There are many consequences listed on the slide associated with prolonged systemic use. In order to decrease these systemic effects, the drug is administered every other day instead of daily.