Chapter 2 PHYS Flashcards by Sara Santisi

What is Homeostasis?

The tendency for living things to maintain a state of relative stability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of homeostasis

Energy regulation, temperature regulation, breathing patterns, blood flow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the functional unit of animal life

The cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do the cell properties include?

Homeostasis, growth, reproduction, absorption, metabolism, secretion, irritability, conductivity, and contractility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Hypertrophy?

An increase in the size of a structure due to an increase in individual cell size or mass

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hyperplasia

An increase in the size of a structure due to an increase in the number of cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atrophy

A decrease in the size of a cell or organ

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aplasia

Failure of a tissue or organ to properly develop

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypoplasia

Incomplete development or defective development of a tissue or organ

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reproduction

Development of new individuals of the same species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reproduction in regards to cells

Reproduction that implies the ability to produce more cells or more organisms that are essentially the same as the original cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Absorption

The process of taking dissolved materials or water through the cell membrane into the substance of the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Absorption: a passive process

Dependent on the forces of diffusion and osmosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Absorption: an active process

Requires the expenditure of energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Absorption: the result of electrochemical ionic forces

Affinities that require no direct energy expenditure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endocytosis

When the exterior cell membrane moves to surround extracellular materials in a membrane pocket allowing extracellular materials to enter a cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pinocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metabolism

The sum physical and biochemical reactions occurring in each cell, and therefore the entire animal (this can also be described as the use of food for energy)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anabolic

A reaction that builds and maintains cellular components, small molecules are assembled into large ones, energy is required

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Catabolic

Reactions that break down cellular components, large molecules are broken down into small ones, energy is released

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Secretion

A process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exocytosis

Removal of a substances that was in a cell, secreted to the outside of the cell
(Opposite of endocytosis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Irritability (or excitability)

The property of being able to react to a stimulus or stimuli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conductivity

The property of transmitting an electrical impulse from one point in the cell to another point in the cell

Contractility

The ability to shorten or lengthen a cell

Where are stimuli detected

By receptors, sensory cells, sense organs

Compositionally what do animal cells consist

Water, protein, lipid, carbohydrates, and inorganic matter

What’s a major purpose of lean muscle tissue in a mammals body

Contractility, movement

What is the primary function of fat tissue in an animals body

Energy storage in the form or lipids

What is the primary function of bone tissue in an animals body

Storage of inorganic matter that our body needs to function (ca phos mg)

What are the size of animal cells

Animal cells range in diameter from about 10 microns to 100 microns

Outer cell membrane/plasma cell membrane

Within the cell, primarily consist of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol

Phospholipids

Arranged with their polar (hydrophilic) ends facing the protein layers, while their non polar (hydrophobic) ends face each other in the center of the membrane

What does the outer cell membrane/plasma membrane consist of?

Primarily consist of proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol

Integral proteins

Firmly inserted into the membrane among the phospholipids

Transmembrane proteins

Exposed to both the cytosine inside the cell and the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell

Peripheral proteins

Bound to the surface of the membrane

Cholesterol

Found between the phospholipid molecules and adjusts the fluidity and flexibility of the membrane

Cell adhesion molecules

Simple and facilitated diffusion

Concentration gradient

****

Permeable

The channel permits the passage of a given molecule

Osmosis

The movement of water across membranes

Aquaporins

Osmotic pressure

Active transport

Against active transport

Active transport

Movement across the cell membrane consumes energy produced by the cell

Cation

Positive ion

Anion

Negative ion

Electrical potential

Membrane potential

The measurable voltage difference across the membrane is the membrane potential

Excitable cells

Nerve cells (neurons) and muscle cells (myocytes)

Action potential

Depolarization

Propagation

The movement of action potentials

Ligand

The general term applied to any chemical that is capable of interacting with, or binding to, a membrane protein or membrane receptor

Ligand - receptor reversible relationship

Most LR interactions are reversible due to relatively weak chemical attractions

Ligand - receptor specificity relationship

Receptors demonstrate preference for certain ligands

Ligand - receptor affinity relationship

The strength of the LR interactions

Ligand - receptor saturation relationship

When all receptors are occupied with ligands

Nucleus

Contains the genetic material of the cell encoded in the molecules of DNA

Chromatin

Nucleoli

Consists largely of clustered DNA for ribosomal RNA transcription, processing and ribosome assembly, seen as densely staining spherical bodies in the nucleus

DNA chains

The genetic material necessary to direct cellular functions

How are chains of DNA formed

By joining small units called nucleotides

What does a nucleotide contain

Phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose) and either purine or pyrimidine base

What are the three forms of RNA needed to interpret genetic code and synthesize proteins

Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

What are the basis of many areas of study in genetic engineering and biotechnology

DNA and RNA

What is mitosis

The division of somatic cells to produce two daughter cells, includes the duplication of genetic material for each daughter cell

Interphase

Prophase

Chromosomes pair up

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the equator, miotic spindle

Anaphase

Sister chromatids pulled apart

Telophase

Cell pinches in the middle

Meiosis (reduction division)

Specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them

When does meiosis occur

During gametogenesis

Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Number of chromosomes in each gamete after meiosis

Apoptosis

Spontaneous or programmed death of normal cells

Chapter 2 PHYS Flashcards

(83 cards)