Chapter 2: Population and Health

Question 1

Demography

Answer 1

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Question 2

Overpopulation

Answer 2

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Question 3

Ecumene

Answer 3

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Question 4

Pandemic

Answer 4

An epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time.

Question 5

Arithmetic density

Answer 5

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Question 6

Physiological density

Answer 6

The number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Question 7

Agricultural density

Answer 7

The ratio of number of farmers to the total amount of arable land.

Question 8

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Answer 8

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society.

Question 9

Crude death rate (CDR)

Answer 9

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society.

Question 10

Natural increase rate (NIR)

Answer 10

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Question 11

Doubling time

Answer 11

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Question 12

Total fertility rate

Answer 12

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Question 13

Life expectancy

Answer 13

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given certain social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Question 14

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Answer 14

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Question 15

Demographic transition

Answer 15

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth rate and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.

Question 16

Agricultural revolution

Answer 16

Bruh

Question 17

Industrial Revolution

Answer 17

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Question 18

Zero population growth

Answer 18

A decline of total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Question 19

Population pyramid

Answer 19

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.

Question 20

Dependency ratio

Answer 20

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Question 21

Epidemiological transition

Answer 21

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Question 22

Epidemiology

Answer 22

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality.

Question 23

Census

Answer 23

A complete enumeration of a population.

Question 24

Sex ratio

Answer 24

The number of males per 100 females in the population

Question 25

Medical revolution

Answer 25

Time period during the 1950s where medical technology diffused from developed to developing countries.

Question 26

Exponentially

Answer 26

Growing at an exponential rate.

Question 27

Cairo Conference (1994)

Answer 27

UN sponsored conference that dealt with population issues.

Question 28

Population agglomeration

Answer 28

A cluster of people living in the same area.

Question 29

Neo-Malthusians

Answer 29

Believers in Malthus's idea that the world would be overpopulated and we would use too many resources.

Question 30

Antinatalist

Answer 30

A person who believes it is morally wrong to bear children, therefore supports policies to reduce birth rates.

Question 31

Pronatalist

Answer 31

A person who believes having children is good, therefore supports policies to increase birth rates.

Question 32

Boserup theory

Answer 32

The belief that people and society would be able to innovate and overcome food demand which also analyzes that population change drives intensity of agricultural production.

Question 33

Carrying capacity

Answer 33

The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely given available resources.

Question 34

Contraception

Answer 34

Resources used to limit pregnancy.

Question 35

Economics

Answer 35

Choices between the transfer of goods, production of goods, and scarcity.

Question 36

Ehrlich theory

Answer 36

Theory that overpopulation would lead to disaster, formulated by Paul Ehrlich in The Population Bomb.

Question 37

Malthusian theory

Answer 37

Theory that says population growth will exponentially outgrow food supply.

Question 38

Arable land

Answer 38

Land suitable for agriculture.

Question 39

Epidemic

Answer 39

A widespread occurrence of infections disease in a community at a particular time.

Question 40

Potential support ratio (elderly support ratio)

Answer 40

The number of working age people divided by the number of persons 65 and older.